Crimes Of Privilege White Collar Crimes And The One Percent.

Crimes of Privilege: White Collar Crimes and the One Percent White collar crime has been recognized as something that is an issue since 1939 when it was brought up in a political meeting by Edwin Sutherland. Sutherland was interested in the fact that people of the working class were not being noticed for the crimes that some of them are involved in. The concern was that the criminal activity that was being addressed during this time were predominantly trivial crimes. While they were getting all the attention while corporate criminals were going virtually undetected. The definition Sutherland attached to these criminals was centered on the varieties of crimes that they committed. White Collar crime is defined as a criminal act perpetrated†¦show more content†¦This doesn’t include much information other than simplistic data (Barnett 1-3). Long ago a President of the United States addressed the public with a warning about White Collar crime of the future. He quantified that there were people in charge of professional industries th at were extremely shrewd. The warning came next which consisted of being aware that the men in these authoritative positions would have the ability to make decisions that were immoral and thoughtless. With this warning, there were some words of advice that the President would suggest, that could combat the issues people could possibly face because of White Collar crime. The suggestion was that people should remain aware that there is an issue afoot. Also, that he would appoint people that would make sure that these crimes would not go unnoticed. It is thought that the FBI was created as a direct result of the President’s fear that men with positions of power and the right amount of money would become corrupt. White Collar crime has been a top priority to the FBI since the first time it was recognized. More recently, terrorism has taken over the precedence of the importance at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This does not mean that the original tasks like investigating W hite Collar crime are going unnoticed, but the FBI does have a lot on their list of things to doShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Uniform Crime1427 Words   |  6 Pages Uniform Crime Report for 2014 states that there are four offenses in the Violent Crime category, they include Murder, Forcible Rape, Robbery and Aggravated Assault. They only collect their data from Law Enforcement Agencies from their arrest reports. According to The Uniform Crime Report, Property Crime includes these four offenses, Burglary, Larceny/ Theft, Motor Vehicle Theft and Arson. The Uniform Crime Report reported that there were 402,470 violent crime arrests in 2014 compared to 1,275,315Read MoreNatural Law Vs. Criminal Law1860 Words   |  8 Pagesconsidered a crime. However, natural laws are not written down, and what makes it a crime is the fact that the crime is written down and enforced by the government. Where this becomes interesting is in the debate on natural law versus criminal law. For example, the legalization of marijuana was once illegal, both recreational use and medical use. However, in modern day, marijuana is legal in some states, but still breaks natural laws. Legalization of marijuana, one day is illegal and a crime and the nextRead MoreThe Racial Inequality of Blacks and Asians in America Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesAsian-Black relations in â€Å"Native Speaker† America has been thought of as a place represented by fairness, mixed culture, power and the dream of having a better life for everyone, whether a person is white, black, brown, and yellow. 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For instance, in California, the license and identification cards are the exact same, with the exception of one stating: â€Å"federalRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 PagesThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India â€Å"The practitioners of evil, the hoarders, the profiteers, the black marketers and speculators are the worst enemies of our society. They have to be dealt with sternly, however well placed important and influential they may be; if we acquiesce in wrongdoing, people will lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional DoctrinalRead MoreRace And Racism : Race, Culture, Religion, And Sex Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagesinteractions†(2) and by doing this we prefer one over the other. We use stereotypes to greatly influence racism where one or the other has an economic advantage over the other. The race that has benefited the most from this are the whites, who receive unearned privilege over other non-white races. White Privilege has a huge impact in the economy, in who gets the job, who goes to the top, who gets housing, a head start, and other benefits of essentially being white. The first Social inequality were slavesRead MoreBlack Women And The United States Of America Essay1785 Words   |  8 Pagesthe brave† (Scoutsongs). However, in this state of the country, it does not seem to be a land of the free. When we look into the recent events of this country, we can see that we have more educators going to prison then white-collar men being imprisoned for committing federal crimes. We see that prisons determine the number of black men they will put into prison by the age 26 based of the reading level of third graders. We see that being black automatically gives you the label as someone who is a dangerRead MoreSoc Test9122 Words   |  37 Pagesconflict; functionalist functionalist; symbolic interactionist functionalist; conflict conflict; symbolic interactionist 10 points Question 4 One of the intended purposes of the mass incarceration in the United States is punishment of crime. This is a/n _____ of incarceration. Answer intentional function beneficial function manifest function latent function dysfunction Read MoreShould Felons Be A Crime?2174 Words   |  9 Pagesserious crime. A felony is â€Å"a serious crime, characterized under federal law and many state statutes as any offense punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year† (â€Å"Convicted†). Felon disenfranchisement is â€Å"Disenfranchisement is the taking away of voting rights† (â€Å"-Felon†). Ex-felons having served their debts to society should be treated like humans and doing that they should have their God given right to vote. When a person commits a crime, depending on the severity of the crime they canRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Heteropatriarchy And The Three Pillars Of White Supremacy 2704 Words   |  11 Pageslabor. They have been limited to blue collar jobs with low wages, no benefits, and hardly any raises. In the article, â€Å"Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy†, Andrea Smith argues, â€Å"This framework does not assum e that racism and white supremacy is enacted in a singular fashion; rather, white supremacy is constituted by separate and distinct, but still interrelated, logics.† (Smith 67). I believe that Andrea Smith’s two of the Three Pillars of White Supremacy: Genocide/Colonialism and

Stalinist Revolution Essay - 1761 Words

In the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s a second revolution occurred within the government, economy, and culture. This second revolution is known as the Stalinist Revolution. The Stalinist Revolution brought with it many reforms that continued to change the state from the Tsarist Regime. The new communist government also caused many political changes. Within the Stalinist Revolution there were many political changes. Along with the political changes there was also another revamp of the economic policy of the USSR. Potentially one of the largest changes to the USSR was the Stalinist Revolution also revamped the economic policy of the USSR. The Stalinist Revolution began in 1928 when Stalin took power in the Soviet Union. After†¦show more content†¦The Purges allowed Stalin even further control of the party. Under the guise of unmasking enemies, Stalin selected government and party members who would be tried as counter-revolutionaries and sentenced to death or sent to Gulags that were set up all across Russia. This idea itself is a major addition to the idea that Stalin started a second revolution in the USSR . By removing anyone who stood in the way of his policies, Stalin was free to rule the way he saw fit. In essence Stalin had created a government where anything he said, went. The Purges also changed the face of the government. Offices that had long been held by a single man were now occupied by new faces. This is comparable to the personnel changes that occurred during the October Revolution. Another component of the Stalinist Revolution was the idea of Socialism in One Country. After the fall of all other socialist regimes in Europe, Stalin came to the conclusion that the Soviet Union must strengthen itself internally and must push towards communism alone until other countries were ready for the Socialist Revolution. This idea that Stalin supported so vehemently was a large contributor to Stalin’s ability to further exercise his control over the nation and influence the economic policy of the Soviet Union, with such measures as the Five Year Plans and the removal of the New Economic Policy . During the Tsarist Reign the citizens underwent a conditioning that has become known asShow MoreRelatedTrotsky s Assessment Of The Continuity Between Stalinism And Leninism Bolshevism1883 Words   |  8 Pagesbut Stalinism can be seen as more of a â€Å"revolution from above† whilst the Bolsheviks-Leninism can be seen as more of a â€Å"revolution from below†. The historical development of Stalinism can be traced and analyzed through its several stages. The revolutionary events from early 1930’s and right-winged socio-political order of 1946-53. This finally consolidated the final triumph of Stalinism over the Bolshevik tradition and political completion of the revolution from above. Stalinism can also ultimatelyRead MoreThe Life of Leon Trotsky Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesproductive member of society. Following the removal of the Tsar during the Russian Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia in May 1917. In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whose leader was none other than Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky assumed key roles in the events and policies concerning the Bolshevik Government, which included the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Civil War and views on Russias economic policies. Read MoreMao Zedong : Chinese Cultural Revolution868 Words   |  4 Pages In 1966 Mao Zedong started the Chinese Cultural Revolution that would change the economic climate of China for generations to come. Mao’s goal for the Cultural Revolution was to create a clever organization of the masses that would in turn lead to increased productivity starting with the youth. Unfortunately this mobilization of the masses led to massive destruction as things spiraled out of control at a very fast rate due to Mao’s creation the Red Guard- an army of youths that would seek outRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm is of course, a satirical allegory, very specifically of the Russian Revolution and of Stalin (Napoleon in the book), but more generally of revolution, the idealism of utopias, and the way in which people take control of societies founded on principles of equality. It is a satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. Orwell based major events in the book on ones from the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Orwell, a democratic socialist, and a member of the Independent Labour PartyRead MoreIran And The Iranian Revolution1227 Words   |  5 Pagescontributing factor in the outbreak of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, it was the growing Western influence in Islamic culture that was the main cause for the revolution. The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the replacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution was mainly supported by various leftist Islamic organizationsRead More Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesin Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniques such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwells political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously and continuously refer to events in another story, the history of the Russian Revolution. In other words, Animal FarmRead MoreDeclaration of Independence from My Parents1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfarm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation â€Å"I will work harder.† Themes: The Corruption of Socialist Ideals in the Soviet Union Animal Farm is most famous in the West as a stinging critique of the history and rhetoric of the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet communism in the form of an animal fable, Animal Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. In the novella, the overthrow of the human oppressor Mr. Jones byRead MoreThe French Revolution First Popularized The Words Terrorist And Terrorism 1506 Words   |  7 Pages Whereas the French Revolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example toRead MoreMao Zedong And Its Effects On China s Twentieth Century1043 Words   |  5 Pageshad a small portion. Maoism inspired other nations for anti-colonial movements, especially in Western societies. This is the Chinese form of Marxist-Leninsm. The base of its ideology that agricultural laborers are the strong base of a successful revolution. He fought and against the Japanese invaders during WWII. But his ruling had some not so appealing programs like: â€Å"The Great Leap Forward† failed and turned into a disaster. He shifted private farms to common places. Instead of growing the agricultureRead More Science Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of the October/ November Revolution of 1917 in Russia; all historians agree that the Bolshevik Party did seize power from the Provisional Government. Eighty-eight years have passed since the October Revolution, so there are very few people (if any) that have witnessed the events who are still alive, but there are many official documents, biographies, television interviews with witnesses, etc. These serve as evidence to support the fact that the October Revolution has happened. And since there

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law

Question: Case study: Residence and source Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. He was born in Chile and retains his Chilean citizenship. Kit spends most of the year working off the coast of Indonesia on an oil rig for a United States company. He was recruited for this job in Australia and signed a contract with the company here. For the last four years, Kits wife has lived in Australia with their two children. They purchased a home in Australia three years ago. Kit and his wife have a joint bank account with Westpac Bank. Kits salary is paid directly into his account. All of the familys other investments, including a share portfolio that generates dividend income, remain in Chile. Kit gets one month off from work every third month and, on these occasions, he meets with his family either in Australia or on holidays around South America (usually in Chile where his parents reside). Discuss whether Kit is a resident of Australia and how his salary and investment income would be taxed. Answer: Residence and source The Australian Tax regime requires that an individual who resides in Australian taxed on income from all sources while an individual who resides outside Australia is taxed on income sourced in Australia. Section 6-5(3)(a) stipulates that when considering the taxation of foreign residents in Australian, emphasis is placed on income that is sourced in Australia and statutory income, ordinary or statutory income that has been deemed to include in assessable income on some basis other than having an Australian source, section 6-5(3)(b) and section 6-10(5)(b), an entity is allowed to subtract any loss to the extent that it is incurred in gaining or producing assessable income or carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income section 8-1(1), no deductions for exempt income section 8-1(2)(c). Temporary Resident (from 01 July 2006) Section 995-1 defines a temporary resident as an individual who has been issued with a temporary visa under the Migration Act 1958 and but happen not to be resident within the definition of the Social Security Act 1991. Consequently, the provisions of the Social Security Act 1991 deem the spouse not to be an Australian resident. However, a person cannot be a resident temporarily he has been at one time and a resident of Australian after the entrenchment of this regulations. Section 768-910(1) stipulates that all statutory and ordinary income that has been accumulated from a source other than his place of residency is deemed to be non-assessable non-exempt income for the purposes of taxation. Income derived from sources other than the place of residency represents the ultimate capital profits acquired on assets other than those which represent property within Australian taxable jurisdiction and interest withholding tax obligations linked to monies owing to non Australian lenders. This income is also referred to as a non assessable and non-exempt income. Section 6-5(3) provides for the assessment of all the Australian source income. Section 6-5(3) relates to income acquired in the ordinary cause of business and section 6-10(5) relates to income acquired by virtue of legislation. Introduction of pertinent issues on residence A number of legislation came into effect with an intention of preventing individuals who for the purpose of taxation are residents for taxation purposes from altering or changing income to reflect as a source acquired from outside Australia which has been accumulated by a foreign resident which was on that note not taxable. These legislations include the Transferor Trust and Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) Controlled Foreign Company (CFC), Double tax agreements (DTA) arrangements giving effect to provisions that regulate the manner in which income that has been derived by individual residing in those jurisdictions are taxed in order to ensure accuracy and avoiding double taxation and fiscal evasion. Section 4 of the International Tax Agreements Act 1953 (Cth) as read together with ITAA36 and ITAA97. Foreign resident as used in the ITAA97 Act means the same as a non-resident as defined in the ITAA36 Act. For purposes of taxation, the status of an individual in relation to laws of migration is not conclusive for tax purposes. There are situations whereby an individual may be treated in respect of tax purposes as a resident but a non-resident in respect of migration purposes. Consequences that is not clear like an individual having to pay for Medicare yet not allowed to access public health facilities. There is no test for foreign residency. You test for Australian residency, and if they fail, they are a foreign resident. It is a tradition that issues relating to whether an individual is a resident or not for taxation purposes are determined on a yearly basis. In the determination of residency status in Australian Tax Law, the facts and circumstances relating to common law and statutory provision are put into play. The fact that a person spends most of his time in Australia will qualify him to be taxed as an Australian tax resident. Determination of residency status is not based on the conditions of the foreign jurisdictions but the matter that the individual in a foreign resident Common law test or the ordinary concept In a situation where a person is a resident of Australia according to the natural interpretation of the word as contained in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, sub section 6(1). This law of residency applicable in common law has been practiced and recognized by many in judicial interpretations in Australia. This concept recognizes the overall circumstances regarding that period of residency. When considering those facts, the law takes cognizance of the intention of the individuals settlement in Australia, the extent to which the persons business or family and relationship of employment while a resident of Australia, the location and maintenance of the individuals assets and a persons living and social arrangements. The definition of the word resides as observed in subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936 has been expounded through the taxation ruling 98/17. Statutory tests Apart from those common law tests, a person can still satisfy the authorities on the test of residency by the application of statutory norms and regulations as stated in sub section 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. These norms include the permanent place of abode test, which deems and individual to be an a resident of Australian for the purposes of taxation if their live permanently in Australia with an exception that where there permanent place of abode in outside Australia, the 183 day test which deems an individual to be an Australian resident if they are present in Australia for 183 days or more in the relevant period unless the individuals normal place of permanent stay is outside Australia and the Commonwealth superannuation fund test which deems an individual to be a resident of Australian if the individual is a contributing member or is the spouse or a child under sixteen of a person who is a contributing member of the superannuation fund for commonwealth government officers. An individual could also be deemed to belong to a special category of temporary Australian resident, who normally possess a visa to the effect that they could only reside in Australia for a defined period. The conditions to be fulfilled in order for an individual to be considered a tax resident of Australia have been exhaustively provided in the ITAA 1936 and The Income Tax Assessment Act 1997(ITAA 1997) Companies A company is deemed to be a resident company in Australia upon confirmation that it was registered and incorporated in Australia, it conducts its daily activities in Australia with an executive management facility located in Australia or its voting power controlled by shareholders of Australian residency (subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936) There are certain instances where a corporate limited partnership is considered as a company include the situation whereby the partnership was formed in Australia, and the partnership performs most of its activities in Australia or has established its executive offices in Australia.Business income from isolated transactions the most important proposition that stands out from Californian Copper Syndicate v Harris3z and Ducker v Rees Roturbo Development Syndicate33 is that a receipt may be termed to be income if there is proof to show that it originated from a business engagement that was isolated or when a business engagement takes place which is not normally a within the tradition of the business of the individual, though prove of whether the individual agreed to transact with the intention of acquiring a gain in terms of profit from the business. Many schools of thought have pulled hands together in an effort of prohibiting the judicial service system from recognizing a mere fact th at the existence of an intention of acquiring a gain or profit is sufficient to effect the stamp with the recognition of an income item. The initial misconception was the idea that realisation of an asset was a issue of capital and not income. The second was the indication that windfall gains and gains from games of luck be part of income unless the idea of income, different from income derived from personal exertion and investments, was confined to profits and gains arising from business transactions. And the third notion, itself associated with the idea that the carrying on of a business involves a systematic series of recurrent acts or activities, was that a gain generated by recurrent transactions is income, whereas a gain generated by an isolated transaction of capital. What the mere realization of an asset does not amount to income is a common rule in the Australian jurisdiction (Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd). These issues mostly related to the sale of land. Case law, Scottish Australian Mining Company limited The facts A person acquired land for mining purposes and owned it for over fifty years when he decided to dispose of and in the process developed the land by putting structures including road works, parks and train stations. In its assessment, FCT declared the individual solely on the threshold that it was either income acquired in the ordinary cause of business or the equivalent provision of section 15-15(s26AA). It was observed that HCA the taxpayer main activity did not involve the land purchasing business but was merely realizing the value of his capital asset. The learned judge emphasized that the taxpayer main object was to purchase the land for mining purposes and not to be sold at a profit. The chances that the same decision would be conducive today are unlikely. FCT vs Whitfords Beach Facts To have access to a beach that could serve as their fishing ground, three fishermen acquired possession of by purchasing in the year 1953. Later, in the year 1967, the fishermens company expanded by incorporating other members though the land was not transferred as the shares. The new shareholders reviewed the constitution to give room for the development of the land. The taxpayer resisted the attempt by FCT to examine them depending on the profits they had acquired from the sale of the land on the ground that they were simply disposing off the property at its best advantage in the process of realizing the value of a capital asset. HCA in its conclusion declared the activities reflected the normal process of carrying out the business of developing land and the profits derived from the sale were held to be ordinary income. The circumstances changed with the incorporation of a new shareholder which changed the intentions of the business. This case apart from relating to the land transaction, it proclaims that a taxpayer can change the intentions for which it holds an asset. The query about how one could arrive at the benefit which ordinarily represents the amount to be included in the taxpayers assessable income becomes of much concern. It would normally take a form of gross proceeds of sale deduct the value of the land in question on the particular date that it was acquired, and the individuals developments in the land business, the process of acquiring the property was deemed to be December 1967 the period when the business commenced. This case involves the acquisition of property in land by one Moana Sand with an intention of selling the sand available on the land. Further, it was by the owner of the piece of land that once he sold all the sand, the land would revert into normal plots for the purpose of subdivision. In time, the Land was resumed for $500,000). The Federal Court found that the resultant profit was taxable under both by virtue of section 25(1) and section 26(a), although the subdivision and resale not reflecting the initial intention behind the purchase. The subsequent refusal to acknowledge the necessity for a major profit making intention was not critically evaluated. The court observed that for the application of section 26(a) to take effect, there should the necessity for a major purpose of profit making by the consequent resale of the property in question, there was no justification for the exclusion of the requirement from 25(1). There was a notable presumption by the court that it was unnecessary. In the effort to substantiate the aforementioned, the rule recognizes the case of Moana Sand though it falls short of providing decisions and justifications supports the claims. In the commissioners opinion, the planned procedure of profit realization was through a further resale either to a different company or another individual and that the compulsory resumption was therefore not within the means initially foreseen. Viewing the Moana case from that perspective could support the claims provided in paragraph 57. There are major issues arising from the above regard, that foremost it could viewed that the resumption was in order to sale to another neutral person fulfilling the requirement of being within the planned means. There is no clear provisions that could provide the basis for differentiating the sale by compulsory acquisition and a similar conversion by means of an ordinary sale. The Court further observed that while the sale was subject to compulsory acquisition, it was the fulfillment of the intended companys plan of utilization of the land. In the case of Moana Sand, the intention of the customer could have been to make profit by all means possible. A clear and deep analysis of this case would lead to the provisions of paragraph 56(a). The presence of a relationship between the laid procedure of realizing the profits and whether that procedure was implemented in the realization of the same was not an issue before the court. The decision rests on a rejection of this requirement; it does not rest on a reasoned rejection. Whilst Moana Sand may provide authority for paragraph 57, there are straight forward provisions to the contrary in Westfield Ltd and Myer Emporium when it comes to matter of choice is the preferred option. This is especially so basing on the High courts holding in the matter in Hill Js judgment in Westfield Ltd that it was did not rely on the fact of the misrepresentation of the Myer principle, the observation should be treated as a precedent in relation to this aspect of the law. It is in order to declare that the means that effects the achievement of profits must have been planned an individual while he was acquiring the property. References Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) Case law AGC Investments Ltd v. FC of T 91 ATC 4180; 21 ATR 1379 Blockey v. FC of T (1923) 31 CLR 503 Californian Copper Syndicate (Limited and Reduced) v. Harris (1904) 5 TC 159 Chamber of Manufactures Insurance Ltd v. FC of T (1984) 2 FCR 455; 84 ATC 4315; 15 ATR 599 Commercial and General Acceptance Ltd v. FC of T (1977) 137 CLR 373; 77 ATC 4375; 7 ATR 716 F C of T v. Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney (1927) 27 SR(NSW) 231 FC of T v. Cooling 90 ATC 4472; 21 ATR 13 Ducker v. Rees Roturbo Development Syndicate Ltd [1928] AC 132 Edwards v. Bairstow [1956] AC 14

What Mans Made Of Essays - Literature, Cephalophores,

" What Man's Made Of" Looking at a story like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , there are some striking differences between their values and the values we hold today. This is especially true for the roles of men and women, as best illustrated by Gawain's visit to the home of Bertilak. The men partake in daring battles and hunts to prove to their toughness and fortitude to their women. Meanwhile, the ladies flirt and are constantly judged solely on the strength of their looks and appeal to men. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , the stereotypical roles of men and women and how strongly they are enforced displays how each gender revolves around the expectations of the other, and emphasizes the pressure put on Gawain to live up to his image as a supposed ideal man. The men of Gawain's tale are primarily defined by their feats of strength and valor, and thus, must continue to prove their strength to women for the remainder of their life. Notably, this "strength" affects all areas of their life, particularly their activities in the bedroom. When Lady Bertilak begins her temptation of Sir Gawain, she tells him "'I know your name-the knight Sir Gawain, famed through all realms whichever road he rides, whose princely honor is highly praisedYou're free to have my all, do with me what you will'" (1226-28, 1237-38). Because Gawain has built up such a lofty reputation, he has also brought upon himself a certain set of expectations regarding his behavior towards women. Unbeknownst to him, he is being deceived with the lady's flattery to see if an appeal to his manhood will win him over and persuade him to sleep with her.However, Gawain "acts graciously and remains on guard" (1282), defying the expectation that a man will always fall prey to a beauti ful woman who is impressed by his physical feats. This leads to her remark, "But I know that Gawain could never be your name'" (1293) because a man like him "could never have lingered so long with a lady without craving a kiss'" (1299-1300). While her tone is one of gentle mockery, there is a hint of truth beneath those words. It is not the place for a knight of such high stature to refuse a woman's proposition, yet engaging Lady Bertilak in anything further than kissing never seems to cross Gawain's mind. In terms of the Middle English value system, this makes him an anomaly. As for the other men, they judge their masculinity through their daily hunting expeditions. When Lord Bertilak displays his killings for Gawain to see, he asks "Are you pleased with this pile? Have I won your praise? Does my skill at this sport deserve your esteem?'" (1379-80) His urgency portrays how deep the desire for praise and affirmation of strength runs within the men of Arthurian legends. Bertilak's mo tivation for making his deal with Arthur in the first place stems from a need to make a name for himself and have something to live up to. As the hunting scenes play out, the master "found his mark, knifing the boar's neck, nailing his prey, bursting the hog's heart" (1592-93). The description may seem needlessly gory, but it illustrates exactly what acts a man will attempt in order to be known as powerful and receive the same attention from women that Gawain garners. What little presence that women have in the story shows the value of beauty and a flirtatious nature above a woman's character. Should a woman in Arthurian times be lacking in either of these departments, she will automatically be seen as somewhat inferior. Gawain meets two near opposite women in his visit to Bertilak's home, and his reaction to each is telling. The first and younger of the two is the lady of the house, and is "fairest amongst them-her face, her flesh, her complexionmore glorious than Guinevere" (943-45). To this woman, Gawain responds warmly and affectionately, "holding (her) for a moment in his arms, kissing her respectfully" (973-75). This portrays how beauty was (and still, in a way, is) seen as a value to be sought after, especially considering that women were once seen as

Strategic Management Case Study about Movie Industry

Industry environment analysis Threat of new entrants.  AnalysisAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategic Management: Case Study about Movie Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors (affecting the threat of new entrants) Analysis Threat Rating of New Entrants   Economies of scale:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Large scale production is of essence for economies of scale.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the movie industry can still succeed if it operates in small scale basis  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Small scale producers can rely on the home watchers as opposed to theatre loving clients. High Proprietary product differences:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Products in the movies industry are poorly differentiated.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is nothing unique that is offered by different stakeholders.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The only differentiation that exists adopts the Hub and Spok e strategy where movie companies seek an identity in a specific line of production, but also venture into other forms of production. High Brand identity:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some brands have a dominating identity such as 20th Century, MGM, Waner Bros, Columbia pictures among others.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New entrants may find it hard to compete with the established firms. However, if they have an interesting movie, then they can make major sales as the switching costs are low. Medium Buyer/customer switching costs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inexistent switching costs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no product attachment to customers in the movie industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Any possible switching cost may be associated with movie theatres for customers with loyalty tickets and may opt not to switch to another competitor.    High Capital requirements:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Massive movie production requires a high capital outlay.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Small entrants may not be able to compete with existing producers or theatre owners.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New producers can easily utilize existing market, both the individual market and the theatre market.    High Absolute cost advantages:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Existing players, both producers and theatre owners have acquired comparative advantage due to the experience they already posses.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most existing theatres are already strategically placed.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This disadvantages the new entrants. Low Government Policy:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The government has adopted a policy of market regulation.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This has made it easy for new entrants to join the movie industry. Medium Expected retaliation:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie industry has always adopted a counter offer strategy (O’Regan, 2010). When one producer produces a new movie that is unique, the others quickly produces their vers ions killing the competitive advantage of the initial innovator. A good example is the 2005 production of Hotel Rwanda by Lions Gate Entertainment and the subsequent release of Sometimes in April, based on the same story of Rwanda’s genocide by Home Box Office.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In keeping with this spirit, a major backlash for an innovation from a new entrant is expected. High Overall Rating: High-Medium Bargaining power of suppliers.  Analysis   Ã‚   Factors (affecting the bargaining power of suppliers) Analysis Rating of Supplier Power   Differentiation of inputs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no differentiation of inputs as what is supplied to movie theatres is the same.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatres should use different suppliers as opposed to sticking with one movie producers. Low Switching costs of suppliers and firms in the industry:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no switching costs associated with the change of the movie suppliers. à ‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All the benefits offered by one producer can be offered by another producer.    Low Presence of substitute inputs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no clear substitutes in the movie industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, rivalry among the suppliers denies them any considerable advantage due to the lack of substitutes.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, theatres enjoy as though there are substitutes. Medium Supplier concentration relative to industry concentration:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are fewer suppliers compared to the overall industry concentration.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The suppliers also have the theatre markets as well as individual markets.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes them to have a considerable say as far as supplying of products is concerned. Medium Importance of volume to suppliers:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The costs related with production makes suppliers to prefer large scale buyers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although it is ea sy for suppliers to sell to individual customers, it is more cost effective to directly sell to theatres.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is more so when the product is new in the market. High Cost relative to total purchases in the industry:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most purchases are capital incentive.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Purchases of patents, rights as well as initial payment made to actors are capita intensive.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes one purchase of a new movie into theatre screens a highly costly affair. Medium Information about supplier’s product:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suppliers are good at supplying the sellers with the required information.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to their limited numbers, suppliers are known by the concerned buyers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This gives the buyers power over the suppliers. Low Supplier profitability:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suppliers such as Lions Gate Entertainment, Home Box Office among other s have maintained high rates of profitability.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the dying culture of movie theatres is slowly keeling the profitability levels in the industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rise of internet marketing is compensating for this loss as suppliers can sell their products directly to global consumers (Chaffey, 2009). low Decision makers’ incentives     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incentives are purely based on product quality as opposed to external incentives.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External incentives are of no relevance to the industry. Low Threat of forward integration     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A possible integration of the current suppliers can spell doom to the buyers as they can force the already high market rates up.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This, coupled with declining theatre culture would reduce the profitability of the direct service sellers. Medium Overall Rating: Low-Medium Bargaining power of buyers.  Analysis Factors (affecting the bargaining power of buyers) Analysis Rating of Buyer Power Differentiation of outputs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The only available differentiators include; o   Price. o   Nature of the movie on the screens. o   Possible accompaniments.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, there is natural attachment of theatres and customers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This acts to ensure that the theatres maintain their clientele. Switching costs of buyers:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no significant switching costs for buyers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even where there is loyalty rewards associated with tickets, competitors can still come with better deals.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes the bargaining power of buyers very high. High Presence of substitute outputs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no true substitutes offered to buyers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the existence of similar products from other sellers makes the buyers to have a high bargaining power. à ‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Products offered by competitors can act as substitutes. High Industry concentration relative to buyer concentration:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concentration of sellers is relative.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes the competition among the sellers not to be too intense.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buyers have medium power to decide on what they want. Medium Importance of volume to buyers:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Volume purchases are not very necessary in this industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buyers have little effect to the prices offered by the sellers. Low Cost relative to total buyer purchases:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The prices are shaped by the relevance and newness of a film in the industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, costs are not associated with volumes, but the nature of the movie.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, buyers have an insignificant role in determining the prices. Low Buyer information about the industry output:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Individual buyers have a choice of either purchasing or renting the product they want.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatre buyers have to content with what the sellers have put forth.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bargaining power of buyers is low. Low Buyer profitability:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rising social strain among buyers affects their ability to buy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This has led to reduced consumers of theatre services. Medium Decision makers’ incentives:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatres always offer incentives to attract clientele.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, common incentives are replicated by the competitors hence denying business a distinct comparative advantage. Low Threat of backward integration:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no threat for backward integration in the movie industry. Low Overall Rating: Low-Medium Power of substitutes.  Analysis Factors (affecting the power of substitutes) Analysis Threat   Ra ting of Substitutes Relative price/performance of substitutes:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no clear substitutes in the movie industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only competing products can be seen as substitutes. Low Switching costs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no switching costs associated with the perceived substitutes. Medium Buyer propensity to substitute:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buyers can easily be swayed to perceived substitutes depending on the quality of products put forth. Low Overall Rating: Low Intensity of industry rivalry.  Analysis Factors (affecting the intensity of industry rivalry) Analysis Rating of Industry   Rivalry Industry growth rate:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie industry has reached the maturity stage.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is more experienced when the theatre culture is examined.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This spells uncertainties in the industry.    High High fixed costs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fixed costs in the movie industry is relatively high.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These especially true for producers as they must maintain a highly rewarded staff although on a contract basis.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theatres must maintain high rents as they occupy huge areas in prime areas. Medium. Intermittent overcapacity:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This problem has never been experienced in the movie industry. Low Product differences:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is little product differentiation in the movie industry.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes it hard for one to strongly say that a specific service provider has an advantage over the other.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of product differences makes pricing an important factor in this industry. High Brand identity:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no player in the industry who can claim brand identity.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes identity of a service provider to be seasonal depending on the nature of the existing product.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generational change further complicates the issue of brand identity as generation Y is known to have no brand royalty. High Switching costs:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no significant switching cost associated with this industry. High Informational complexity:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The industry is virtually affected by the volumes information that exists concerning the products.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie industry is highly debated even in the social sites.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This may help a service provider to bask in phenomenon fame which may translate to massive sales. High Concentration and balance:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie industry is not as concentrated as many other industries.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the few players in the business have intense competition among them. Medium Diversity of competitors:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no significant diversity in this industry. The n ature of the products cannot allow for diversification of products. Medium Corporate stakes:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are little side activities that exists for the industry players.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This makes the industry players to remain in business regardless of fluctuating markets.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, rivalry is intense. High Exit barriers:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is little option left for most industry players.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus most of them must remain in the industry regardless of the changing market.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is hard to sell the investments already made to other industry players. High Overall Rating: High Summary of Industry environment analysis The concept of industry environment analysis has been used for several decades now to analyze various factors that are external to the business, but remain critical in the quest for crafting a comprehensive competitive strategy. In 1980, Michael Porter came up wi th a five force model that has remained instrumental in the analysis of the business environment. In this five force model, Porter established that there are various factors that need to be well catered for by any company that intends to craft a competitive strategy.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his quest to come up with a competitive force model, Porter managed to group the external environment into five major categories that he named as the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers, threats posed by new entrants, the level of rivalry that exists among the existing firms and finally the threats posed by the substitute products (Porter, 2008). Conducting an environment analysis in the movie industry allows one to establish the extent of the existing opportunities as well as threats posed by external factors (Hill and Jones 2009). In the environ mental analysis of the movie industry, it is evident that the threats that are posed by the new entrants are relatively high though they have been rated as High-Medium. This indicates that the huge capital outlay that is required to venture into this business can discourage potential entrants form joining the business. However, this does not mean that it is impossible for new entrants to join the industry provided they can comfortably raise the required costs. It is also evident that the lack of switching costs on the part of the buyers acts to the disadvantage of sellers such that the sellers can easily lose their clientele if it decides to switch to a competitor. The buyers can do so with ease as they have nothing to lose form an engagement where they choose the services of a competitor. It is also evident that the general lack of clear substitutes in the movie industry makes the sellers to have an advantage especially due to the fact that they can easily retain the market share. However, the weakening power of buyers due to change in lifestyles as well as a changing economic factors have colluded to deny the movie industry valuable revenues that were initially associated with it. As far as substitute products are concerned, the lack of clear substitutes in the movie industry has ensured that the power of substitutes has an insignificant influence as far as the extent of strategy crafting is concerned. Movies do not have a direct substitute hence the overall rating of this category of external environment is low. When the intensity of industry rivalry is examined, it is evident that the movie industry is characterized by stiff competition among the main industry players. A shrinking market due to a change in the overall societal culture has led to intense competition especially to ensure that firms survive.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Strategic Management: Case Study about Movie Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, the bargaining power of suppliers in the movie industry is low, despite their limited numbers. This has been occasioned by the nature of rivalry among the players as well as lack of a clear differentiation of the products offered. Each supplier gets an opportunity to bask in glory when a specific product is fresh thus attracting thousands of viewers. However, due to the short product lifecycle associated with the industry, the suppliers have little bargaining power. Reference List Chaffey, D. 2009. Internet marketing: strategy, implementation and practice. New York: Prentice Hall. Hill, C. and Jones, G. 2009. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning. O’Regan, T. 2010. Local Hollywood: Global Film Production and the Gold Coast Ben. New York: UQP. Porter, M. 2008. On competition. New York: Harvard Business Press. This case study on Strategic Management: Case Study about Movie Industry was written and submitted by user Iker Klein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earthquake Research Paper

Earthquake Research Paper It is a bitter and humiliating thing to see works, which have cost men so much time and labour, overthrown in one minute; yet compassion for the inhabitants is almost instantly forgotten†¦ Charles Darwin (on the ruin of Concepcion in Chile by an earthquake (Robinson 47) People tremble when they hear the word; destruction, mayhem, and tragedy: all words that come to mind when earthquake is heard. They occur without warning and cause millions of dollars in destruction and numerous deaths. For these reasons and more, earthquakes are one of the most unpredictable and devastating occurrences Mother Nature dishes out. Earthquakes usually occur without warning. There is a sudden slip in the earth’s crust, which makes the earth shake causing mass destruction to buildings and people in the surrounding areas. These areas in the earth’s crust are called faults. When the earth â€Å"faults† the ground bends to a certain limit until the point of breaking. When it finally snaps, it sends vibrations up to the earth’s surface where the earthquake occurs (USGS). There are two different types of waves during an earthquake, the P-wave and the S-wave. The P-wave is the primary wave that is the first wave to arrive, followed by the transverse, or S-waves, which arrive after (USGS). Quakes can last for short or long periods of time and are sometimes followed by aftershocks. They are tiny earthquakes that last for a few seconds after the bigger quake. Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology created the Richter magnitude scale in 1935 in order to compare the magnitudes of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs (USGS). The scale ranges from numbers zero through 10. A number such as 4.6 on the Richter scale would be considered a mediocre earthquake in seismologists’ minds while any number over six would be a large earthquake. Earthquakes under a two rating are not felt by people and are not recorded because no damage is done. Earthquakes of these magnitudes are likely to occur thousands of times a day while one of a ranking higher than eight will only occur once on average in the world each year. Earthquakes have also been measured in equivalence to weights of dynamite. For example, if an earthquake gets a reading between a 6.0 and a 7.0, it is the same as blowing up around 100,000 tons of dynamite (Nuhfer 39). Earthquakes cause massive losses in money for the government when they strike. Buildings are knocked over, streets cracked, and there are many electrical problems that they have to deal with. It takes a lot of time for places to recover from the effects of earthquakes. A new Federal Emergency Management Agency report says that damages from U.S. earthquakes total about $ 4.4 billion a year. California alone accounts for $ 3.3 billion of the total (Fema 9). Another tragic loss we have when earthquakes come around is the loss of our family and friends. Thousands of people lose their lives without ever knowing what hit them. The most devastating quake in United States history is by far the one that â€Å"shook the world† in San Francisco in 1906. More than three thousand lives were taken on that day. The closest death toll to this in the United States was one hundred and fifteen, an earthquake that occurred in Long Beach, California in 1933 (USGS). To try and reduce these loses of friends and relatives, there are steps to reduce hazards in the home. One example if you are in a high seismic-risk zone would be to strap or bolt all furniture to the floor or to the walls so that if an earthquake does occur, it will not harm anyone. Also, the frame should be checked periodically to make sure that it is all in tact. One final precaution would be to use plywood sheathing wherever needed, such as garage door areas, to strengthen the home so that less damage will occur (Bolt 228-29). Most of the earthquakes that happen in the United States occur on the West Coast, especially in California. This is true because of one of the most famous fault lines in the world, the San Andreas Fault. This fault line stretches for over six hundred miles from the Imperial Valley in Southern California to Point Arena on the northern coast and then out to sea. To date more than twenty-five earthquakes have occurred in California. Most of these are because of the San Andreas Fault. And these are only the earthquakes that have been measured on the Richter scale. The most recent damage an earthquake has done in the United States was on February 28, 2001 in the Puget Sound region of Washington State, called the Nisqually earthquake. The quake measured a 6.8 on the Richter scale and shook the earth for a good forty seconds. Even though it was a long earthquake, it was still one of the less damaging earthquakes of this magnitude in the United States. Immediately after the quake, 28 state bridge inspection teams examined about 500 state-owned bridges within a 73-mile radius of the epicenter. There was almost no structural damage, said Weigel, Washington State Dept. of Transportation bridge engineer, to insure safety for motorists using the bridges (News Site). There was only one death contributed to it, a heart attack victim. The damage bill was nothing compared to other quakes. The bill totaled up to around two billion dollars. That may seem like a lot, but when compared to the earthquake in Northridge, California in 1994 it was pennies. This qu ake ranked at 6.7 on the scale and was the costliest earthquake the United Stated had ever had at forty billion dollars. The after shocks of this earthquake caused more damage than the entire Nisqually quake including its aftershocks, which did not reach above a 3.4 (SCEC). This quake was also different from other quakes, as the city of Santa Monica knows first hand. Parts of their coastal city, 21 kilometers south of Northridge and separated from it by a mountain range, had received shocks just as severe as those felt in Northridge (O’Hanlon). Scientists are still stunned about why this occurred, but attribute it to something of a magnifying glass of a rock in the earth’s surface that focused the quake to Santa Monica. The Northridge quake, like all others, brought attention to the way that some buildings were structured. Although not much damage was done to some buildings due to the soft soil around it, others were hit hard. One of the more severely damaged buildings was the six-story Palmer Court Building, an un-reinforced masonry structure located in Seattles historic Pioneer Square district (Staff 10). Although damage to buildings is inevitable during an earthquake, improvements can still be made to buildings so that they do not end up like the Palmer Court Building. Every building, however moves somewhat during an earthquake, no matter its size. During the Loma Prieta Earthquake in San Francisco during the World Series, the seats were seen shaking back and forth along with the entire Candlestick Park. After a few moments of shaking, it regained its original position without much structural damage (Levy 94). Although this is the most recent quake felt by the United States, one that occurred nearly a century ago will not soon be forgotten. The earthquake that occurred in San Francisco on April 18, 1906 ranks as one of the most significant earthquakes of all time (USGS). At around 5:00 in the morning, the northernmost 290 miles of the San Andreas Fault ruptured. Although the Richter scale was not around, it is believed to be one of the most powerful earthquakes to ever hit the United States. The city shook violently for almost a full minute. Fires blazed and approximately three thousand people were killed in this tragic event. So is there anything anybody can do to prepare for another such disaster? There is really no way of knowing when the next earthquake will hit, but seismologists have several methods so that they can estimate approximately when another one will occur. By studying the amount of earthquakes and when they happen in a certain area, seismologist can then guess the probability of another one occurring in that area within a given time (CBC News). This will then give people the time to prepare themselves for another possible quake. Seismologists can also measure how much stress a certain region of the earths crust is under, and how quickly that stress is increasing. This will help them to determine if another quake is likely in that region, but it is a very difficult procedure and far from perfect because a lot of areas lack the equipment and data needed for this. There is no way to stop earthquakes from shaking our earth. It is something that, unfortunately, we will have to deal with for the rest of our lives. Many scientists and seismologists are doing the best they can so that we can be better prepared for another earthquake when it hits. Until the time when we will be able to predict when they will strike comes, we will have to live knowing that at anytime an earthquake can come and shake up the earth as well as our lives.

Cast study- Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cast study- Iron Deficiency Anemia - Essay Example Mrs. A hemoglobin and hematocrit levels fall below those of a healthy person. Her reticulocyte levels, erythrocyte count and RBC smear are also short of those of a healthy person. In addition to the below healthy values, the low blood pressure, increased temperatures, elevated respiratory rates and heart beat rate noted by the physician points to low oxygen levels in the cells. The low oxygen levels emerge from poor oxygen supply. Based on the cases and values represented, it is convenient for doctors to diagnose the type of anemia such as megaloblastic, pernicious, aplastic and iron deficiency anemia. Mrs. A values shows that she has iron-deficiency anemia. For 10-12 years, Mrs. A has dealt with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Menorrhagia is the excessive losses of blood during the menstrual period while dysmenorrheal refer to the painful cramps that accompany the blood loss. Quite a number of women with bleeding disorders experience the two gynecological complications. Since it has been a long time that Mrs. A has experienced the blood loss, there is develops a high likely hood of developing iron deficiency anemia. Essentially, medical evidence points out that frequent menorrhagia and poor management of blood loss during the menstrual cycle increases the chances of getting iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia in adults, especially women, comes from blood loss (Meselson, 2013). The fact that Mrs. A ingests 1000 milligrams of aspirin after every 3 or 4 hours for six days during her menses increases the chances of further blood loss. Additionally, the ingestion of Aspirin to reduce the stiffness in her joints while playing golf i s dangerous to her well-being. Aspirin is non-steroidal in nature and it can trigger gastrointestinal bleeding. According to Burke and Deakin (1998) adolescent females that engage in endurance training bear higher risks of developing iron-deficiency anemia. Medical studies also identify

Policing Policies in the USA and the UK Coursework

Policing Policies in the USA and the UK - Coursework Example This report looks at the background and the development of the policing policies in the USA and the UK to understand the drivers and motivations that inform police activity in these countries. A comparison with the reported crime levels allows comparison of their performance and effectiveness and thus the systems. Why are the police so important in the development of democratic societies The police are different from any other government entity. Of all government functions, the policing function is arguably the most visible, the most immediate, the most intimately involved with the well-being of individuals and the health of the communities. Police represents a vital arm of the government and is primarily responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the political boundaries of a country. The organisation, the underlying philosophy and the way police approach their task reflects the approach to governance that the country has especially towards its citizens. Conversely, the attitude of the community towards the police also affects the way the police approach their job. Regardless of the way the policing function is organised the result is what is important. The essential questions to ask are: While it is widely agreed that the functions of the police ... The essential questions to ask are: a) Whether the police is effective in crime reduction and, b) Do the police meet the needs of the society whose interest it serves While it is widely agreed that the functions of the police embrace much more than crime investigation and control as also that police are not the only institution that is responsible for crime abatement, this essay considers only the role of the police in fighting crime. At the end of the 1980s, the change in societal environment, and the demographics of crime and drug abuse clearly indicated that the traditional police practices were inadequate to control crime (Greenwood et al 1977; Kelling et al 1974). Two decades of rising crime led to a gradual erosion of public confidence in the institution (Crank & Langworthy 1992) and demanded the use of innovative practices to meet the requirements of the society. While the American police adopted the 'zero tolerance' approach that continued to tend toward use of force to keep the streets clean, the British police, except for a few disastrous experiments with 'zero tolerance' gravitated towards the more liberal approach. A comparison of police systems and practices in America and Britain helps understand the cultural and operational philosophy differences between the two and impact they have on their effectiveness. The analysis and discussion in this report is limited to police organisations in urban and metropolitan areas with rural policing specifically excluded. This report explores the different constructs that earlier research suggests in terms of defining 'models' and 'styles' of police service provision. Using these, the recent historical developments of the actual practices in America and Britain and their

Political Science Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Science - Research Proposal Example In the abstract, the text will mention the main findings of the research that have been obtained from consulting various sources related to the topic of study. This will be summarized in about one page in the beginning of the paper after the project title. In this section of the paper, the historic development of human rights laws will be discussed in reference to each of these two countries to what is in application to date. The specific policies and other human rights interventions will be discussed in identifying the pros and cons of these two nations in enforcing equity in law among its people. The information that would have been gathered about the human rights positions of these two nations will then be examined in this analysis section. The merits and demerits that would have been established in enforcing human rights will be compared so that a recommendation can be justified from the information.

Laboratorio de Metalurgia Física

Laboratorio de Metalurgia Fà ­sica 5.1.3 Practicas en el Laboratorio de Metalurgia Fà ­sica Preparacià ³n Metalografà ­a de Muestras  · OBJETIVO Iniciar al estudiante en la preparacià ³n metalografà ­a de muestras y anà ¡lisis de las mismas.  · INTRODUCCIÓN TEÓRICA: Bajo el nombre de metalografà ­a se engloban toda una serie de tà ©cnicas y conocimientos cientà ­ficos cuyo fin à ºltimo es la observacià ³n tanto macroscà ³pica como microscà ³pica de las caracterà ­sticas estructurales de los metales y aleaciones. La presente prà ¡ctica de laboratorio se basa exclusivamente en la preparacià ³n de muestras (llamadas probetas) para la observacià ³n microscà ³pica de materiales metà ¡licos, a travà ©s del uso del microscopio à ³ptico metalogrà ¡fico (MO).  · La preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica Involucra una serie de pasos para obtener una probeta con una superficie perfectamente plana y libre de rayas al observarse bajo el microscopio à ³ptico. Primero se comienza seleccionando una muestra adecuada, cortà ¡ndola para llevarla a un tamaà ±o conveniente y de ser necesario se embute en una resina polimà ©rica o se monta en un sujetador mecà ¡nico para facilitar su manipulacià ³n. Posterior a esto, la superficie debe esmerilarse y lijarse hasta lograr la planaridad y luego pulirse con ayuda de discos rotativos cubiertos de fieltro impregnados de una suspensià ³n abrasiva, para eliminar las marcas del esmerilado. El pulido, provee en la mayorà ­a de los casos una superficie brillante tipo espejo. La observacià ³n al microscopio de muestras no-metà ¡licas, sean materiales cerà ¡micos o materiales compuestos sigue (por lo general) las mismas etapas del proceso de preparacià ³n de muestras metà ¡licas, aunque frecuentemente se requieren de instrumentos de corte y abrasivos de mayor dureza. Las tà ©cnicas y conocimientos para la preparacià ³n de este tipo de muestras se engloban en el tà ©rmino petrografà ­a.  · DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL: Materiales y Equipos †¢ Muestras metà ¡licas †¢ Cortadoras de disco. †¢ Esmeril de Cinta. †¢ Papeles de lija. †¢ Pulidoras Rotativas. †¢ Microscopio Óptico. †¢ Dispositivo de captura de imà ¡genes. †¢ Alcohol. †¢ Algodà ³n y recipiente para guardar las probetas  · DESBASTE GRUESO. †¢ Esmerile, en la esmeriladora de cinta, la superficie de la muestra hasta obtener una superficie plana, cuidando de mantener un flujo constante de refrigerante. †¢ Una vez que la superficie a observar està © totalmente plana, lave la muestra con abundante agua. Limpie el equipo. No deje residuos de refrigerante en los alrededores.  · DESBASTE FINO v Comenzando por el papel esmeril de menor nà ºmero, desbaste la muestra movià ©ndola sobre el papel abrasivo en una misma direccià ³n, de manera recà ­proca. La direccià ³n del movimiento debe ser perpendicular a las huellas del desbaste grueso. El proceso culmina al deben desaparecer las huellas del desgaste grueso por la abrasià ³n efectuada, o equivalentemente, cuando toda la superficie de la probeta està © cubierta por rayas paralelas a la direccià ³n de movimiento. v Lave muy bien su muestra con agua y colà ³quela, sobre el siguiente papel de esmeril, de manera tal que las rayas anteriores sean perpendiculares a las nuevas rayas. Repita el paso anterior, hasta que està ©n borradas la totalidad de las rayas generadas en el paso anterior. Puede ir chequeando con regularidad la desaparicià ³n de las rayas observando al microscopio la superficie de la muestra. Asegà ºrese de secar muy bien la muestra antes de colocarla en el microscopio, para ello enjuà ¡guela con alcohol Repita el paso anterior hasta llegar al papel esmeril de menor nà ºmero. v Al finalizar, lave muy bien la probeta, con abundante agua y sus manos con agua y jabà ³n. Limpie con un paà ±o la mesa de lijas, asegà ºrese de no dejar charcos de agua luego de finalizado su trabajo.  · PULIDO Este es uno de los pasos mà ¡s crà ­ticos de la preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica, por lo tanto antes de comenzar, lave muy bien con abundante agua el paà ±o que va a utilizar, para evitar la presencia de restos de metal o abrasivos que puedan estropear su proceso de pulido. v Agregue una pequeà ±a cantidad del abrasivo de tamaà ±o de partà ­cula mà ¡s grueso (suspensià ³n de alà ºmina de 1 micrà ³n, generalmente) al paà ±o de pulido y gradà ºe el grifo hasta tener un goteo de agua constante. v Coloque la muestra sostenià ©ndola firmemente sobre el disco rotatorio ejerciendo una presià ³n moderada, para asegurar un pulido parejo y evitar que la probeta sea proyectada por el movimiento del disco. v La probeta debe moverse suavemente desde la periferia hacia el centro del paà ±o y viceversa. Tambià ©n puede girarse en sentido contrario al movimiento del disco. La tà ©cnica y destreza para efectuar el pulido dependerà ¡ en gran parte de la muestra en estudio. v Pida la opinià ³n de su instructor y de ser necesario (la mayorà ­a de las veces lo es) pase a otro paà ±o y continà ºe el pulido con abrasivo de tamaà ±o de partà ­cula mà ¡s fino (suspensià ³n de alà ºmina de 0,3 micrones, generalmente) o con algà ºn otro tipo de abrasivo, esto dependerà ¡ de la muestra que usted està © preparando. v Una vez que su muestra haya alcanzado una superficie plana tipo espejo, là ¡vela con abundante agua, rocà ­ela con alcohol, evitando la presencia de rastro alguno de humedad que pueda crear confusià ³n al momento del anà ¡lisis microscà ³pico. Una vez mà ¡s colabore con el mantenimiento del laboratorio y limpie, con un trapo, todo resto de agua y de suspensià ³n abrasiva que su trabajo haya podido dejar. v Observe su muestra pulida al microscopio, esta observacià ³n, dependiendo de la aleacià ³n, puede ser de significativa importancia a la hora de observar ciertos aspectos microestructurales, tales como ciertas fases e inclusiones, asà ­ como otros defectos propios del material (grietas y porosidades) e inclusive defectos generados en la etapa de pulido (colas de cometa y rayas). PRACTICA NO. 12 Ataque quà ­mico y microscà ³pica à ³ptica.  · OBJETIVOS †¢ Introducir al estudiante en la tà ©cnica del ataque quà ­mico como herramienta para revelar la microestructura de probetas preparadas metalogrà ¡ficamente. †¢ Conocer las partes constituyentes, usos y cuidados del Microscopio Óptico (MO)  · INTRODUCCIÓN TEÓRICA: Sin duda, desde el punto de vista cientà ­fico-tà ©cnico, el aliado mà ¡s importante del ingeniero de materiales es el microscopio, debido a que gracias a à ©l, se puede observar la microestructura, responsable directa del comportamiento mecà ¡nico y fisicoquà ­mico de los materiales. El microscopio utilizado para el anà ¡lisis microestructural de materiales se denomina microscopio à ³ptico metalogrà ¡fico (MO), el cual difiere de los microscopios comunes, en que funciona con luz reflejada sobre la muestra y no con luz transmitida a travà ©s de à ©sta. Luego del pulido, la microestructura del material se ve ocultada por una pequeà ±a capa de metal distorsionado y plà ¡sticamente deformado, que puede ser disuelto a travà ©s del uso de diversas sustancias quà ­micas, denominadas reactivos, las cuales actà ºan generando un proceso de corrosià ³n selectiva que permite, dependiendo del caso, hacer visibles aspectos microestructurales tales como los là ­mites de grano y las diferentes fases que conforman una aleacià ³n.  · PREPARACIÓN PREVIA: Antes de realizar la prà ¡ctica el estudiante debe indagar sobre los siguientes aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo de la misma: v Teorà ­a del ataque quà ­mico y reactivos quà ­micos mà ¡s usuales para el ataque de aleaciones ferrosas y no ferrosas. v Toxicidad y manejo de los reactivos indagados. v Teorà ­a del funcionamiento del microscopio metalogrà ¡fico y sus diferencias con el microscopio biolà ³gico. v Usos, partes constituyentes y cuidados del microscopio metalogrà ¡fico. Se recomienda ademà ¡s que el estudiante venga al momento de la prà ¡ctica preparado con suficiente algodà ³n para preservar su probeta, asà ­ como tambià ©n con un recipiente apropiado para resguardarla. Deberà ¡ tambià ©n procurarse un par de guantes de là ¡tex, de tipo cirujano, para las labores de ataque quà ­mico.  · DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL: Materiales y Equipos: †¢ Muestra (s) metà ¡lica (s) pulida (s). †¢ Reactivos quà ­micos. †¢ Pinzas para sujecià ³n de probetas. †¢ Guantes de Là ¡tex. †¢ Microscopio Óptico. †¢ Alcohol. †¢ Algodà ³n y recipiente para guardar las probetas.  · Procedimiento Experimental: . Ataque quà ­mico de la superficie pulida y observacià ³n al microscopio. Este es otro de los aspectos crà ­ticos de la preparacià ³n metalogrà ¡fica, y el que quizà ¡ requiere de mà ¡s cuidados a la hora de ser implantado. Cuà ­dese de evitar el contacto de los reactivos quà ­micos con su piel o con los ojos y utilice guantes de là ¡tex y pinzas para sujetar la probeta mientras la sumerge en los reactivos de ataque. Evite la aspiracià ³n de los gases generados durante la reaccià ³n de ataque y trate en lo posible de trabajar dentro de la campana de gases. †¢ Ataque su muestra con el reactivo que usted haya seleccionado de acuerdo a las caracterà ­sticas de su muestra. Existen varias tà ©cnicas, pero puede hacerlo por inmersià ³n de la superficie pulida en el reactivo, o pasando delicadamente un algodà ³n impregnado del reactivo sobre la superficie. Si tiene alguna duda plantà ©esela al instructor. †¢ Una vez completado el tiempo de ataque, lave cuidadosamente su muestra bajo el chorro de agua, rocà ­ela con alcohol. †¢ Observe la muestra al microscopio y si à ©sta resulta sobreatacada, repita el proceso de desbaste fino (lijado) desde el à ºltimo papel (grano mà ¡s fino) y vuelva a pulir en los paà ±os su muestra. Vuelva a atacar acortando el tiempo del proceso. Si la pieza resulta subatacada, sà ³lo tiene que continuar el ataque por mà ¡s tiempo. †¢ Observe muestra al microscopio bajo supervisià ³n del instructor, con ayuda del encargado del laboratorio y fundamentà ¡ndose en el criterio que debe haber desarrollado a la luz de sus conocimientos y de su preparacià ³n previa a la prà ¡ctica. PRà CTICA NO. 13 ENSAYO JOMINY * Objetivos 1.1 Aplicar el Mà ©todo Jominy para determinar la templabilidad de los aceros. 1.2 Interpretar los resultados del Ensayo Jominy. Aplicar estos resultados en la clasificacià ³n de los aceros en funcià ³n de la templabilidad. 1.3 Determinar el perfil de temperaturas y de velocidades de enfriamiento. 1.4 Relacionar las velocidades de enfriamiento con las microestructuras obtenidas en las diferentes zonas de la probeta Jominy. 1.5 Evaluar la eficiencia del sistema enfriante y corroborar la validez del ensayo Jominy. * Pre-laboratorio: Antes de realizar la prà ¡ctica el estudiante debe indagar sobre los siguientes aspectos, relacionados con el desarrollo de la misma. 3.1 Curvas Jominy para el acero a ser ensayado. 3.2 Influencia de los elementos de aleacià ³n en la templabilidad de los aceros. 3.3 Relacià ³n entre el Ensayo Jominy y las curvas tiempo temperatura transformacià ³n. 3.4 Factores que afectan a los ensayos de dureza y escala de dureza a utilizar. 3.5 Quà © puntos realmente interesan de la curva Jominy. 3.6 Caracterà ­sticas de las transformaciones perlà ­ticas y martensà ­ticas. 3.7 Caracterà ­sticas del Ensayo Jominy.  · Materiales Una probeta Jominy de acero AISI 1045, de dimensiones estandarizadas de acuerdo a la norma ASTM. Adicionalmente, à ©stas deben estar perforadas sobre la superficie opuesta al extremo a ser templado. * Procedimiento En el Laboratorio de Tratamientos Tà ©rmicos: Se introduce la probeta Jominy en el horno de tratamiento tà ©rmico, el cual ha sido precalentado a la temperatura de austenizacià ³n adecuada. La temperatura y el tiempo de permanencia de la probeta en el horno debe haber sido especificados y determinados por Ud. Recuerde: El cà ¡lculo adecuado de las variables de operacià ³n en este caso; temperatura y tiempo, influyen en forma determinante en los resultados del ensayo. Luego de haber transcurrido el tiempo de mantenimiento, extraiga rà ¡pidamente la probeta del horno y colà ³quela en el sostà ©n de la cuba Jominy. Anteriormente debe haber comprobado que dicha cuba cumple con todos los requisitos establecidos en la norma. Realice el enfriamiento durante el tiempo estipulado en la norma antes mencionada. Una vez transcurrido el tiempo de ensayo, retire la probeta del sostà ©n y termà ­nela de enfriar en agua. 5.1.4 Practicas en el Laboratorio de Maquinas-Herramientas CILINDRADO INTERIOR EN EL TORNO Objetivo Hacer un agujero de un dià ¡metro y longitud determinada a una pieza metà ¡lica Materiales y equipos Pieza metà ¡lica Broca Mandril Cuchilla para trabajar interior Refrigerante (taladrina) Torno Procedimiento 1 º Se coloca la pieza en el plato 2 º Se gradà ºa el torno a la velocidad adecuada 3 º Se monta el mandril en el cabezal mà ³vil y luego se coloca la broca en el mandril 4 º Se lleva el cabezal mà ³vil hasta que la punta de la broca roce el centro de la pieza 5 º Se acciona la palanca de arranque del torno y con una manivela que tiene el cabezal mà ³vil en la parte posterior se le da profundidad del agujero que se desea hacer; el ancho del agujero lo determina el dià ¡metro de la broca o la cantidad de corte que se le de al agujero con la cuchilla de interior FRESADORA La fresadora es una mà ¡quina herramienta en la cual la pieza està ¡ fija y la herramienta es la que gira para efectuar el corte. 1. Base 2. Cuerpo 3. Caja de cambio ce avances 4. Palanca para el cambio de los avances 5. Caja de cambio de velocidades 6. Tirante para la fijacià ³n del eje portafresa 7. Eje principal 8. Palanca para el cambio de las velocidades 9. Puente 10. Volante para el desplazamiento del puente 11. Eje portafresa 12. Soporte intermedio del eje portafresa 13. Guà ­as del puente 14. Soporte extremo del eje portafresa 15. Riostras 16. Ranura central de la mesa 17. Manivela para traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa 18. Mesa 19. Guà ­as de la mesa 20. Volante para el desplazamiento transversal de la mesa 21. Volante para la traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa 22. Guà ­as para el carro portamesa 22. Manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 23. Carro portamesa 24. Manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 25. Palanca para el desplazamiento automà ¡tico transversal y horizontal de la masa 26. Columna soporte de la mà ©nsula 27. Palanca para la fijacià ³n de la mà ©nsula 28. Palanca para la inversià ³n de avance 29. Husillo para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula 30. Mà ©nsula 31. Guà ­a para la mà ©nsula 32. Eje de transmisià ³n de los avances FRESAS Las fresas tienen formas algo complicadas y puede decirse que està ¡n compuestas por un conjunto de elementos, cada uno de los cuales intervienen en diferente medida en el corte del material. Los distintos elementos de las fresas se designan con tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos que, en conjunto, forman la nomenclatura o terminologà ­a de las fresas. Varios de ellos pueden ser: Cuerpo de la fresa Arista de corte Periferia Dià ¡metro Caras y ancho de las fresas Cara del diente o cara del corte Cara de incidencia à ngulo de incidencia à ngulo de desprendimiento de viruta à ngulo de filo à ngulo de hà ©lice Prà ¡ctica NO. 20 FRESADO PLANO Objetivo Hacer una pieza con una cara plana Materiales y equipos Barra de aluminio Fresa frontal de dos cortes Refrigerante Fresadora Procedimiento 1 º Se monta una prensa o tornillo de sujecià ³n en la mesa de la fresadora y se sujeta la barra en la prensa 2 º Se monta la fresa en el eje porta fresas 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio de velocidades 4 º Con la manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mensura se le da la profundidad de corte a la pieza 5 º Con el volante para la traslacià ³n horizontal de la mesa se procede a darle el corte a la pieza Los pasos 4 y 5 se repiten hasta que la pieza llegue al grosor deseado. Nota: Este procedimiento se emplea tambià ©n para el fresado frontal y para una combinacià ³n de ambos al mismo tiempo (fresado plano y frontal). Lo à ºnico que cambia es el emplear la fresadora. RANURA EN FORMA DE V Objetivo Hacer un canal en forma de V a lo largo de toda la pieza Materiales y equipos Pieza rectangular Fresa angular doble Refrigerante Fresadora Procedimiento 1 º Se sujeta la pieza a la mesa de la fresadora 2 º Se monta la frase angular doble en el eje porta fresas 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio de velocidades 4 º Con la manivela para la traslacià ³n vertical de la mà ©nsula se le da la profundidad de corte a la pieza 5 º Se acciona la palanca para el desplazamiento automà ¡tico horizontal de la mesa y se efectà ºa el corte a lo largo de la pieza Nota: Este procedimiento es el mismo a seguir para las siguientes operaciones: Hacer una ranura semicircular Hacer tornos de seccià ³n semicircular Hacer chaveteros Hacer ranuras en forma de T Hacer ranuras en cola de milano La à ºnica diferencia que hay entre estas operaciones es la forma de la fresa. Prà ¡ctica NO. 22 ENGRANAJE Objetivo Hacer un pià ±Ãƒ ³n o engranaje Materiales y equipos Barra de aluminio Cuchilla para cilindrar Fresa de modulo Refrigerante Torno Fresadora Mandril Broca Procedimiento 1 º Se coloca la barra en el plato del torno 2 º Se monta la cuchilla para cilindrar en la torre en forma para cilindrar 3 º Se gradà ºa la velocidad en la caja de cambio y la profundidad de corte en el carro transversal 4 º Se acciona la palanca de arranque y se procede a trabajar la pieza con el carro longitudinal hasta llegar al dià ¡metro requerido para el pià ±Ãƒ ³n o engranaje 5 º Se coloca la cuchilla en posicià ³n para refrentar y se procede a hacer dicho operacià ³n hasta llegar al espesor requerido 6 º Se hace un agujero pasante en el centro de la pieza de dià ¡metro que ajuste en el eje que va a ser montado el pià ±Ãƒ ³n. Este agujero se hace con una broca montado en un mandril el cual va montado en el cabezal mà ³vil 7 º Se desmonta la pieza del torno y se fija en el divisor que està ¡ sobre la mesa de la fresadora 8 º Se coloca la fresa de mà ³dulo en el eje porta fresa y se gradà ºa la velocidad y la profundidad de corte 9 º La cara plana de la pieza debe quedar perpendicular a la fresa 10 º Con los cà ¡lculos obtenidos de antemano se procede a trabajar la pieza. Despuà ©s del primer corte se debe de dar el nà ºmero de vueltas necesario al plato divisor, para dar el segundo corte y formar el primer diente; este à ºltimo procedimiento se realiza hasta que todos los dientes queden formados LIMADORA Prà ¡ctica No. 23 Objetivo Hacer una pieza de superficie plana 1. Mesa (Con letras A, B, C y D) Materiales y equipos Una barra de acero Una cuchilla Refrigerante (aceite o taladrina) Limadora Procedimiento 1 º Se fija la pieza en la mesa 2 º Se gradà ºa el avance de la mesa, la profundidad de corte y el nà ºmero de golpes del cabezal o carnero 3 º Se repite el nà ºmero de corte hasta llegar a la longitud y el espesor requerido Prà ¡ctica No. 24 Objetivo: Hacer un maquinado[1] en la fresadora CNC Procedimiento: La seguridad primero * Asegà ºrese de que todos saben dà ³nde està ¡ y cà ³mo se activa el botà ³n de parada de emergencia * Nunca deje objetos extraà ±os en el à ¡rea de maquinado (calibres, cepillos, latas de lubricantes, piezas ya maquinadas, etc.) * En ninguna circunstancia trate de acceder a la zona de maquinado mientras haya partes en movimiento * Use las herramientas provistas para ajustar puntas y fresas. La secuencia de operaciones: 1. Comience la ejecucià ³n con el software de maquinado, en realidad virtual (VRT o VRM) 2. Cargue, cree o edite su programa de CNC 3. Actualice la configuracià ³n de herramientas que tiene cargada el software 4. Simule el programa de maquinado en 2D o 3D (aunque es menos vistosa, la simulacià ³n en 2D es sumamente à ºtil y clara) 5. Encienda su mà ¡quina de CNC 6. Lleve los ejes a la posicià ³n de reposo (desde la lengà ¼eta Home) 7. Prepare las herramientas de la mà ¡quina, de manera que se correspondan con la configuracià ³n que cargà ³ en el software 8. Cargue la pieza de materia prima en el plato o banco 9. Ajuste el offset de la pieza y las herramientas Ejecute el maquinado Practica NO. 25 Objetivo: Hacer un torneado cà ³nico en el torno CNC Procedimiento: Funcionamiento del ciclo G81 en cada paso de torneado. Forma en la que se realiza cada paso de torneado: * 1-2: Desplazamiento en avance rà ¡pido (G00). * 2-3: Desplazamiento al avance programado en G01. * 3-4: Si se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es en avance rà ¡pido (G00) Si no se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es al avance programado en G01, siguiendo el perfil (este es nuestro caso). 4-5: Desplazamiento de retroceso en avance rà ¡pido (G00). Practica NO.26 Objetivo: Hacer un torneado de tramos curvos Introduccià ³n: Funcionamiento general del ciclo fijo G84. * Este ciclo realiza el cilindrado de un tramo curvo. * El tramo se definirà ¡ programando los valores de los diferentes parà ¡metros que componen el ciclo (los parà ¡metros se explican en mà ¡s adelante). * El ciclo mantiene el paso de profundidad especificado entre las sucesivas pasadas del cilindrado. * El ciclo realiza el cilindrado en desbaste y permite seleccionar, si se desea realizar una pasada de acabado con la misma herramienta tras finalizar el desbaste o no. Forma en la que se realiza cada paso de torneado: * 1-2: Desplazamiento en avance rà ¡pido (G00). * 2-3: Desplazamiento al avance programado en G01. * 3-4: Si se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es en avance rà ¡pido (G00). Si no se programa el parà ¡metro D, el desplazamiento es al avance programado en G01, siguiendo el perfil (este es nuestro caso). * 4-5: Desplazamiento de retroceso en avance rà ¡pido (G00). TALADRADORA Prà ¡ctica: 27 Objetivo Hacer un agujero a una plancha de metal Materiales y equipos Plancha de metal Broca Mandril Prensa o tornillo de sujecià ³n Refrigerante Taladradora Procedimiento 1 º Se monta el mandril en el eje principal y la broca en el mandril 2 º Se monta la prensa en la mesa superior y la plancha se sujeta en la prensa 3 º Con el volante para el avance sensitivo se procede a hacer el agujero Esmerilado: Es un proceso de remocià ³n de material en el cual las partà ­culas abrasivas està ¡n contenidas en una rueda de esmeril que opera a velocidad superficial muy alta. La rueda de esmeril tiene forma de disco balanceado con toda precisià ³n para soportar altas velocidades de rotacià ³n. Mà ©todo de Ruta Critica[2] para el cà ¡lculo de las actividades en el Laboratorio. El anà ¡lisis comienza con una descripcià ³n del proyecto en tà ©rmino de de actividades y eventos. A- Comienzo de obtencià ³n de materiales B- Terminacià ³n de obtencià ³n de materiales pieza 1 C- Terminacià ³n de obtencià ³n de materiales pieza 2 D- Terminacià ³n de trabajo de mà ¡quina pieza 1 E- Terminacià ³n de trabajo de mà ¡quina pieza 2 F- Comienzo de ensamble G- Terminacià ³n de ensamble H- Terminacià ³n de inspeccià ³n y prueba Este modelo puede variar dependiendo del tipo de pieza Control de Calidad en Cada Prà ¡ctica El control[3] incluye una secuencia universal de pasos: v Elegir un sujeto de control v Seleccionar una unidad de medida v Establecer una meta para el sujeto de control v Seleccionar un sensor v Medir el desempeà ±o real v Interpretar la diferencia entre està ¡ndar y real v Realizar una accià ³n sobre esa diferencia [4]Proceso de Produccià ³n El proceso de produccià ³n es el procedimiento tà ©cnico que se utiliza en el proyecto para obtener los bienes y servicios a partir de insumos, y se identifica como la transformacià ³n de una serie de insumos para convertirlos en productos mediante una determinada funcià ³n de produccià ³n. Conclusiones: Las prà ¡cticas presentadas cumplen con el marco de referencia educativo dominicano que tiene como funcià ³n garantizar la eficiencia y la eficacia global del mismo. Se ha tomado en cuenta la evaluacià ³n de los procesos docentes y los servicios que intervienen en la actividad educativa para satisfacer las necesidades de la sociedad: v El rendimiento de los aprendizajes alcanzados por los estudiantes; v El grado de coherencia alcanzado entre los fines educativos, las estrategias para alcanzarlos y los resultados; v La inversià ³n de recursos, su racionalidad y adecuacià ³n que garanticen la puesta en prà ¡ctica de la accià ³n educativa; v El peso de la innovacià ³n, la investigacià ³n y la experimentacià ³n educativas; v Las caracterà ­sticas socioeconà ³mica, afectiva, fà ­sica y social del alumno; v Las caracterà ­sticas personales y profesionales de los educadores, la calidad de vida y las facilidades de que dispongan; v La programacià ³n acadà ©mica, los contenidos curriculares y los materiales didà ¡cticos, deben estar en constante actualizacià ³n; v Los procesos de aprendizaje. v Las condiciones fà ­sicas desde el punto de vista del ambiente en que se desarrolla la actividad educativa, incluyendo aulas, laboratorios, bibliotecas, canchas deportivas, à ¡reas de recreacià ³n, servicios de agua potable e iluminacià ³n y equipamiento; v El grado de compromiso y la intervencià ³n de la familia, el hogar y la comunidad en el proceso educativo; v La orientacià ³n educativa y profesional; La investigacià ³n educativa que se aplica para identificar los problemas del sistema y adoptar los correctivos a los mismos. v Se deberà ¡n integrar las prà ¡cticas de corto tiempo para que se puedan ejecutar todas las prà ¡cticas durante el semestre ya que el nà ºmero de prà ¡cticas excede al nà ºmero de semanas. 6. Administracià ³n de las Adquisiciones del Proyecto El conjunto[5] de actividades comprendidas en el quehacer de la funcià ³n adquisiciones conforman, normalmente, el segundo bloque de la là ­nea crà ­tica en proyectos complejos. En un sentido amplio, su tarea consiste n abastecer la obra con todos los elementos necesarios (maquinaria, equipos, repuestos, instrumentos, instalaciones, suministros de construccià ³n y servicios), en las condiciones de costo, calidad y oportunidad, requeridas por el proyecto. Una caracterà ­stica sobresaliente de las adquisiciones es su estrecha interrelacià ³n con las demà ¡s funciones, sobre todo en proyectos intensivos en bienes de capital de origen importado, tecnolà ³gicamente complejos, con programacià ³n acelerada (ruta rà ¡pida) o financiamientos condicionados. Las formas en que es posible abordar el abastecimiento de maquinarias, equipos y suministros, son variadas, si se tiene en cuenta el tamaà ±o del proyecto, la existencia y confiabilidad de los servicios de la organizacià ³n perm anente, la complejidad de las adquisiciones, y la modalidad que se defina para los contratos de construccià ³n. Diseà ±o de Formularios y Mecanismos de Control Adquisicià ³n de equipos El laboratorio[6] debe disponer de polà ­tica y procedimiento para la seleccià ³n y adquisicià ³n de los equipos, que incluya: * Especificacià ³n de las caracterà ­sticas necesarias, de acuerdo con los requisitos de tolerancias e incertidumbres. * Seleccià ³n y evaluacià ³n de los proveedores. El laboratorio debe evaluar a los proveedores y mantener un registro de estas evaluaciones. Es recomendable, siempre que sea posible, seleccionar los suministradores que cumplen con la Norma UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 o que tienen implantado un sistema de calidad acorde, por ejemplo, con las normas ISO 9000. * Requisitos solicitados al proveedor, tales como: documentacià ³n, certificado de calibracià ³n o verificacià ³n, periodo de garantà ­a, periodo de entrega, etc. En la adquisicià ³n de los equipos nuevos el laboratorio deberà ­a exigirle, a los fabricantes o distribuidores, la disponibilidad del Manual de Instrucciones del equipo en espaà ±ol. * Anà ¡lisis de las ofertas frente a las especificaciones y seleccià ³n de los equipos. Todas las actividades, relacionadas con la compra de los equipos y materiales, convienen documentarlas y archivarlas. Recepcià ³n de equipos Cuando el laboratorio recibe el equipo o material debe constatar, en primer lugar, que: * Se corresponde con las caracterà ­sticas y especificaciones del pedido o solicitud de adquisicià ³n, * Va acompaà ±ado de la documentacià ³n adecuada y completa (por ejemplo los certificados de calibracià ³n o conformidad, si son necesarios). * El laboratorio debe tener establecido un procedimiento que * Asegure que los equipos recibidos no sean utilizados o puestos en * servicio hasta que: * Se haya comprobado que no han sufrido ningà ºn daà ±o y funcionan * correctamente, * Hayan sido calibrados o verificados, cuando se considere necesario, * De que cumplen las especificaciones requeridas, debiendo mantenerse un registro de las medidas adoptadas para comprobarlo. Los equipos recibidos, cuando ya està ©n disponibles o instalados para realizar la funcià ³n para la cual han sido adquiridos, deben darse de alta, codificarse y etiquetarse, y ser incluidos en el inventario de los equipos disponibles del laboratorio. Inventario y codificacià ³n de equipos El inventario o listado (o base de datos) de los equipos disponibles debe incluir, como mà ­nimo, los equipos utilizados para realizar ensayos y/o calibraciones que tengan una relacià ³n directa con los resultados, asà ­ como aquellos equipos auxiliares que requieren de algà ºn tipo de control, mantenimiento, verificacià ³n o calibracià ³n. En el inventario deberà ¡ constar la fecha de su elaboracià ³n y, como mà ­nimo, el cà ³digo del equipo, la denominacià ³n del equipo, la marca, el modelo, el no. de serie, y la fecha de alta. El cà ³digo del laboratorio debe identificar al equipo de forma univoca y permitir relacionarlo con la documentacià ³n que se va generando (etiquetas, ficha/registro, procedimientos de funcionamiento, de mantenimiento y calibracià ³n, registros de datos, certificados de calibracià ³n, diarios de uso, etc.) y con su historial a lo largo de los aà ±os (averà ­as, sustituciones, modificaciones, etc.). El laboratorio debe mantener actualizado el inventario de los equipos disponibles, para ello serà ¡ necesario establecer un procedimiento del control y/o comunicacià ³n (por ejemplo, mediante impresos) de las altas, bajas o traslado