Crimes Of Privilege White Collar Crimes And The One Percent.

Crimes of Privilege: White Collar Crimes and the One Percent White collar crime has been recognized as something that is an issue since 1939 when it was brought up in a political meeting by Edwin Sutherland. Sutherland was interested in the fact that people of the working class were not being noticed for the crimes that some of them are involved in. The concern was that the criminal activity that was being addressed during this time were predominantly trivial crimes. While they were getting all the attention while corporate criminals were going virtually undetected. The definition Sutherland attached to these criminals was centered on the varieties of crimes that they committed. White Collar crime is defined as a criminal act perpetrated†¦show more content†¦This doesn’t include much information other than simplistic data (Barnett 1-3). Long ago a President of the United States addressed the public with a warning about White Collar crime of the future. He quantified that there were people in charge of professional industries th at were extremely shrewd. The warning came next which consisted of being aware that the men in these authoritative positions would have the ability to make decisions that were immoral and thoughtless. With this warning, there were some words of advice that the President would suggest, that could combat the issues people could possibly face because of White Collar crime. The suggestion was that people should remain aware that there is an issue afoot. Also, that he would appoint people that would make sure that these crimes would not go unnoticed. It is thought that the FBI was created as a direct result of the President’s fear that men with positions of power and the right amount of money would become corrupt. White Collar crime has been a top priority to the FBI since the first time it was recognized. More recently, terrorism has taken over the precedence of the importance at the Federal Bureau of Investigation. This does not mean that the original tasks like investigating W hite Collar crime are going unnoticed, but the FBI does have a lot on their list of things to doShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Uniform Crime1427 Words   |  6 Pages Uniform Crime Report for 2014 states that there are four offenses in the Violent Crime category, they include Murder, Forcible Rape, Robbery and Aggravated Assault. They only collect their data from Law Enforcement Agencies from their arrest reports. According to The Uniform Crime Report, Property Crime includes these four offenses, Burglary, Larceny/ Theft, Motor Vehicle Theft and Arson. The Uniform Crime Report reported that there were 402,470 violent crime arrests in 2014 compared to 1,275,315Read MoreNatural Law Vs. Criminal Law1860 Words   |  8 Pagesconsidered a crime. However, natural laws are not written down, and what makes it a crime is the fact that the crime is written down and enforced by the government. Where this becomes interesting is in the debate on natural law versus criminal law. For example, the legalization of marijuana was once illegal, both recreational use and medical use. However, in modern day, marijuana is legal in some states, but still breaks natural laws. Legalization of marijuana, one day is illegal and a crime and the nextRead MoreThe Racial Inequality of Blacks and Asians in America Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesAsian-Black relations in â€Å"Native Speaker† America has been thought of as a place represented by fairness, mixed culture, power and the dream of having a better life for everyone, whether a person is white, black, brown, and yellow. However, the truth is that racial groups have been segregated by the white-centric media or government of the American society, and that has widened the psychological and geographical distances between the two groups, Asian and black, and has encouraged ignorance and hatredRead MoreThe Real Id Act994 Words   |  4 PagesHomeland Security. One major conflict is six of those states issued identification cards that look identical to a driver’s license, which violates the act’s language. California has issued licenses to 500,000 illegal immigrants since January of this year (Jeunesse, 2015). Sometimes it is difficult to determine an identification card from a driver’s license in a variety of states. For instance, in California, the license and identification cards are the exact same, with the exception of one stating: â€Å"federalRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 PagesThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India â€Å"The practitioners of evil, the hoarders, the profiteers, the black marketers and speculators are the worst enemies of our society. They have to be dealt with sternly, however well placed important and influential they may be; if we acquiesce in wrongdoing, people will lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional DoctrinalRead MoreRace And Racism : Race, Culture, Religion, And Sex Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pagesinteractions†(2) and by doing this we prefer one over the other. We use stereotypes to greatly influence racism where one or the other has an economic advantage over the other. The race that has benefited the most from this are the whites, who receive unearned privilege over other non-white races. White Privilege has a huge impact in the economy, in who gets the job, who goes to the top, who gets housing, a head start, and other benefits of essentially being white. The first Social inequality were slavesRead MoreBlack Women And The United States Of America Essay1785 Words   |  8 Pagesthe brave† (Scoutsongs). However, in this state of the country, it does not seem to be a land of the free. When we look into the recent events of this country, we can see that we have more educators going to prison then white-collar men being imprisoned for committing federal crimes. We see that prisons determine the number of black men they will put into prison by the age 26 based of the reading level of third graders. We see that being black automatically gives you the label as someone who is a dangerRead MoreSoc Test9122 Words   |  37 Pagesconflict; functionalist functionalist; symbolic interactionist functionalist; conflict conflict; symbolic interactionist 10 points Question 4 One of the intended purposes of the mass incarceration in the United States is punishment of crime. This is a/n _____ of incarceration. Answer intentional function beneficial function manifest function latent function dysfunction Read MoreShould Felons Be A Crime?2174 Words   |  9 Pagesserious crime. A felony is â€Å"a serious crime, characterized under federal law and many state statutes as any offense punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year† (â€Å"Convicted†). Felon disenfranchisement is â€Å"Disenfranchisement is the taking away of voting rights† (â€Å"-Felon†). Ex-felons having served their debts to society should be treated like humans and doing that they should have their God given right to vote. When a person commits a crime, depending on the severity of the crime they canRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Heteropatriarchy And The Three Pillars Of White Supremacy 2704 Words   |  11 Pageslabor. They have been limited to blue collar jobs with low wages, no benefits, and hardly any raises. In the article, â€Å"Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy†, Andrea Smith argues, â€Å"This framework does not assum e that racism and white supremacy is enacted in a singular fashion; rather, white supremacy is constituted by separate and distinct, but still interrelated, logics.† (Smith 67). I believe that Andrea Smith’s two of the Three Pillars of White Supremacy: Genocide/Colonialism and

Stalinist Revolution Essay - 1761 Words

In the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s a second revolution occurred within the government, economy, and culture. This second revolution is known as the Stalinist Revolution. The Stalinist Revolution brought with it many reforms that continued to change the state from the Tsarist Regime. The new communist government also caused many political changes. Within the Stalinist Revolution there were many political changes. Along with the political changes there was also another revamp of the economic policy of the USSR. Potentially one of the largest changes to the USSR was the Stalinist Revolution also revamped the economic policy of the USSR. The Stalinist Revolution began in 1928 when Stalin took power in the Soviet Union. After†¦show more content†¦The Purges allowed Stalin even further control of the party. Under the guise of unmasking enemies, Stalin selected government and party members who would be tried as counter-revolutionaries and sentenced to death or sent to Gulags that were set up all across Russia. This idea itself is a major addition to the idea that Stalin started a second revolution in the USSR . By removing anyone who stood in the way of his policies, Stalin was free to rule the way he saw fit. In essence Stalin had created a government where anything he said, went. The Purges also changed the face of the government. Offices that had long been held by a single man were now occupied by new faces. This is comparable to the personnel changes that occurred during the October Revolution. Another component of the Stalinist Revolution was the idea of Socialism in One Country. After the fall of all other socialist regimes in Europe, Stalin came to the conclusion that the Soviet Union must strengthen itself internally and must push towards communism alone until other countries were ready for the Socialist Revolution. This idea that Stalin supported so vehemently was a large contributor to Stalin’s ability to further exercise his control over the nation and influence the economic policy of the Soviet Union, with such measures as the Five Year Plans and the removal of the New Economic Policy . During the Tsarist Reign the citizens underwent a conditioning that has become known asShow MoreRelatedTrotsky s Assessment Of The Continuity Between Stalinism And Leninism Bolshevism1883 Words   |  8 Pagesbut Stalinism can be seen as more of a â€Å"revolution from above† whilst the Bolsheviks-Leninism can be seen as more of a â€Å"revolution from below†. The historical development of Stalinism can be traced and analyzed through its several stages. The revolutionary events from early 1930’s and right-winged socio-political order of 1946-53. This finally consolidated the final triumph of Stalinism over the Bolshevik tradition and political completion of the revolution from above. Stalinism can also ultimatelyRead MoreThe Life of Leon Trotsky Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesproductive member of society. Following the removal of the Tsar during the Russian Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia in May 1917. In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whose leader was none other than Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky assumed key roles in the events and policies concerning the Bolshevik Government, which included the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Civil War and views on Russias economic policies. Read MoreMao Zedong : Chinese Cultural Revolution868 Words   |  4 Pages In 1966 Mao Zedong started the Chinese Cultural Revolution that would change the economic climate of China for generations to come. Mao’s goal for the Cultural Revolution was to create a clever organization of the masses that would in turn lead to increased productivity starting with the youth. Unfortunately this mobilization of the masses led to massive destruction as things spiraled out of control at a very fast rate due to Mao’s creation the Red Guard- an army of youths that would seek outRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm is of course, a satirical allegory, very specifically of the Russian Revolution and of Stalin (Napoleon in the book), but more generally of revolution, the idealism of utopias, and the way in which people take control of societies founded on principles of equality. It is a satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. Orwell based major events in the book on ones from the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Orwell, a democratic socialist, and a member of the Independent Labour PartyRead MoreIran And The Iranian Revolution1227 Words   |  5 Pagescontributing factor in the outbreak of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, it was the growing Western influence in Islamic culture that was the main cause for the revolution. The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the replacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution was mainly supported by various leftist Islamic organizationsRead More Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesin Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniques such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwells political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously and continuously refer to events in another story, the history of the Russian Revolution. In other words, Animal FarmRead MoreDeclaration of Independence from My Parents1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfarm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation â€Å"I will work harder.† Themes: The Corruption of Socialist Ideals in the Soviet Union Animal Farm is most famous in the West as a stinging critique of the history and rhetoric of the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet communism in the form of an animal fable, Animal Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. In the novella, the overthrow of the human oppressor Mr. Jones byRead MoreThe French Revolution First Popularized The Words Terrorist And Terrorism 1506 Words   |  7 Pages Whereas the French Revolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example toRead MoreMao Zedong And Its Effects On China s Twentieth Century1043 Words   |  5 Pageshad a small portion. Maoism inspired other nations for anti-colonial movements, especially in Western societies. This is the Chinese form of Marxist-Leninsm. The base of its ideology that agricultural laborers are the strong base of a successful revolution. He fought and against the Japanese invaders during WWII. But his ruling had some not so appealing programs like: â€Å"The Great Leap Forward† failed and turned into a disaster. He shifted private farms to common places. Instead of growing the agricultureRead More Science Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of the October/ November Revolution of 1917 in Russia; all historians agree that the Bolshevik Party did seize power from the Provisional Government. Eighty-eight years have passed since the October Revolution, so there are very few people (if any) that have witnessed the events who are still alive, but there are many official documents, biographies, television interviews with witnesses, etc. These serve as evidence to support the fact that the October Revolution has happened. And since there

Taxation - Theory - Practice & Law

Question: Case study: Residence and source Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. He was born in Chile and retains his Chilean citizenship. Kit spends most of the year working off the coast of Indonesia on an oil rig for a United States company. He was recruited for this job in Australia and signed a contract with the company here. For the last four years, Kits wife has lived in Australia with their two children. They purchased a home in Australia three years ago. Kit and his wife have a joint bank account with Westpac Bank. Kits salary is paid directly into his account. All of the familys other investments, including a share portfolio that generates dividend income, remain in Chile. Kit gets one month off from work every third month and, on these occasions, he meets with his family either in Australia or on holidays around South America (usually in Chile where his parents reside). Discuss whether Kit is a resident of Australia and how his salary and investment income would be taxed. Answer: Residence and source The Australian Tax regime requires that an individual who resides in Australian taxed on income from all sources while an individual who resides outside Australia is taxed on income sourced in Australia. Section 6-5(3)(a) stipulates that when considering the taxation of foreign residents in Australian, emphasis is placed on income that is sourced in Australia and statutory income, ordinary or statutory income that has been deemed to include in assessable income on some basis other than having an Australian source, section 6-5(3)(b) and section 6-10(5)(b), an entity is allowed to subtract any loss to the extent that it is incurred in gaining or producing assessable income or carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income section 8-1(1), no deductions for exempt income section 8-1(2)(c). Temporary Resident (from 01 July 2006) Section 995-1 defines a temporary resident as an individual who has been issued with a temporary visa under the Migration Act 1958 and but happen not to be resident within the definition of the Social Security Act 1991. Consequently, the provisions of the Social Security Act 1991 deem the spouse not to be an Australian resident. However, a person cannot be a resident temporarily he has been at one time and a resident of Australian after the entrenchment of this regulations. Section 768-910(1) stipulates that all statutory and ordinary income that has been accumulated from a source other than his place of residency is deemed to be non-assessable non-exempt income for the purposes of taxation. Income derived from sources other than the place of residency represents the ultimate capital profits acquired on assets other than those which represent property within Australian taxable jurisdiction and interest withholding tax obligations linked to monies owing to non Australian lenders. This income is also referred to as a non assessable and non-exempt income. Section 6-5(3) provides for the assessment of all the Australian source income. Section 6-5(3) relates to income acquired in the ordinary cause of business and section 6-10(5) relates to income acquired by virtue of legislation. Introduction of pertinent issues on residence A number of legislation came into effect with an intention of preventing individuals who for the purpose of taxation are residents for taxation purposes from altering or changing income to reflect as a source acquired from outside Australia which has been accumulated by a foreign resident which was on that note not taxable. These legislations include the Transferor Trust and Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) Controlled Foreign Company (CFC), Double tax agreements (DTA) arrangements giving effect to provisions that regulate the manner in which income that has been derived by individual residing in those jurisdictions are taxed in order to ensure accuracy and avoiding double taxation and fiscal evasion. Section 4 of the International Tax Agreements Act 1953 (Cth) as read together with ITAA36 and ITAA97. Foreign resident as used in the ITAA97 Act means the same as a non-resident as defined in the ITAA36 Act. For purposes of taxation, the status of an individual in relation to laws of migration is not conclusive for tax purposes. There are situations whereby an individual may be treated in respect of tax purposes as a resident but a non-resident in respect of migration purposes. Consequences that is not clear like an individual having to pay for Medicare yet not allowed to access public health facilities. There is no test for foreign residency. You test for Australian residency, and if they fail, they are a foreign resident. It is a tradition that issues relating to whether an individual is a resident or not for taxation purposes are determined on a yearly basis. In the determination of residency status in Australian Tax Law, the facts and circumstances relating to common law and statutory provision are put into play. The fact that a person spends most of his time in Australia will qualify him to be taxed as an Australian tax resident. Determination of residency status is not based on the conditions of the foreign jurisdictions but the matter that the individual in a foreign resident Common law test or the ordinary concept In a situation where a person is a resident of Australia according to the natural interpretation of the word as contained in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936, sub section 6(1). This law of residency applicable in common law has been practiced and recognized by many in judicial interpretations in Australia. This concept recognizes the overall circumstances regarding that period of residency. When considering those facts, the law takes cognizance of the intention of the individuals settlement in Australia, the extent to which the persons business or family and relationship of employment while a resident of Australia, the location and maintenance of the individuals assets and a persons living and social arrangements. The definition of the word resides as observed in subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936 has been expounded through the taxation ruling 98/17. Statutory tests Apart from those common law tests, a person can still satisfy the authorities on the test of residency by the application of statutory norms and regulations as stated in sub section 6(1) of the ITAA 1936. These norms include the permanent place of abode test, which deems and individual to be an a resident of Australian for the purposes of taxation if their live permanently in Australia with an exception that where there permanent place of abode in outside Australia, the 183 day test which deems an individual to be an Australian resident if they are present in Australia for 183 days or more in the relevant period unless the individuals normal place of permanent stay is outside Australia and the Commonwealth superannuation fund test which deems an individual to be a resident of Australian if the individual is a contributing member or is the spouse or a child under sixteen of a person who is a contributing member of the superannuation fund for commonwealth government officers. An individual could also be deemed to belong to a special category of temporary Australian resident, who normally possess a visa to the effect that they could only reside in Australia for a defined period. The conditions to be fulfilled in order for an individual to be considered a tax resident of Australia have been exhaustively provided in the ITAA 1936 and The Income Tax Assessment Act 1997(ITAA 1997) Companies A company is deemed to be a resident company in Australia upon confirmation that it was registered and incorporated in Australia, it conducts its daily activities in Australia with an executive management facility located in Australia or its voting power controlled by shareholders of Australian residency (subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936) There are certain instances where a corporate limited partnership is considered as a company include the situation whereby the partnership was formed in Australia, and the partnership performs most of its activities in Australia or has established its executive offices in Australia.Business income from isolated transactions the most important proposition that stands out from Californian Copper Syndicate v Harris3z and Ducker v Rees Roturbo Development Syndicate33 is that a receipt may be termed to be income if there is proof to show that it originated from a business engagement that was isolated or when a business engagement takes place which is not normally a within the tradition of the business of the individual, though prove of whether the individual agreed to transact with the intention of acquiring a gain in terms of profit from the business. Many schools of thought have pulled hands together in an effort of prohibiting the judicial service system from recognizing a mere fact th at the existence of an intention of acquiring a gain or profit is sufficient to effect the stamp with the recognition of an income item. The initial misconception was the idea that realisation of an asset was a issue of capital and not income. The second was the indication that windfall gains and gains from games of luck be part of income unless the idea of income, different from income derived from personal exertion and investments, was confined to profits and gains arising from business transactions. And the third notion, itself associated with the idea that the carrying on of a business involves a systematic series of recurrent acts or activities, was that a gain generated by recurrent transactions is income, whereas a gain generated by an isolated transaction of capital. What the mere realization of an asset does not amount to income is a common rule in the Australian jurisdiction (Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd). These issues mostly related to the sale of land. Case law, Scottish Australian Mining Company limited The facts A person acquired land for mining purposes and owned it for over fifty years when he decided to dispose of and in the process developed the land by putting structures including road works, parks and train stations. In its assessment, FCT declared the individual solely on the threshold that it was either income acquired in the ordinary cause of business or the equivalent provision of section 15-15(s26AA). It was observed that HCA the taxpayer main activity did not involve the land purchasing business but was merely realizing the value of his capital asset. The learned judge emphasized that the taxpayer main object was to purchase the land for mining purposes and not to be sold at a profit. The chances that the same decision would be conducive today are unlikely. FCT vs Whitfords Beach Facts To have access to a beach that could serve as their fishing ground, three fishermen acquired possession of by purchasing in the year 1953. Later, in the year 1967, the fishermens company expanded by incorporating other members though the land was not transferred as the shares. The new shareholders reviewed the constitution to give room for the development of the land. The taxpayer resisted the attempt by FCT to examine them depending on the profits they had acquired from the sale of the land on the ground that they were simply disposing off the property at its best advantage in the process of realizing the value of a capital asset. HCA in its conclusion declared the activities reflected the normal process of carrying out the business of developing land and the profits derived from the sale were held to be ordinary income. The circumstances changed with the incorporation of a new shareholder which changed the intentions of the business. This case apart from relating to the land transaction, it proclaims that a taxpayer can change the intentions for which it holds an asset. The query about how one could arrive at the benefit which ordinarily represents the amount to be included in the taxpayers assessable income becomes of much concern. It would normally take a form of gross proceeds of sale deduct the value of the land in question on the particular date that it was acquired, and the individuals developments in the land business, the process of acquiring the property was deemed to be December 1967 the period when the business commenced. This case involves the acquisition of property in land by one Moana Sand with an intention of selling the sand available on the land. Further, it was by the owner of the piece of land that once he sold all the sand, the land would revert into normal plots for the purpose of subdivision. In time, the Land was resumed for $500,000). The Federal Court found that the resultant profit was taxable under both by virtue of section 25(1) and section 26(a), although the subdivision and resale not reflecting the initial intention behind the purchase. The subsequent refusal to acknowledge the necessity for a major profit making intention was not critically evaluated. The court observed that for the application of section 26(a) to take effect, there should the necessity for a major purpose of profit making by the consequent resale of the property in question, there was no justification for the exclusion of the requirement from 25(1). There was a notable presumption by the court that it was unnecessary. In the effort to substantiate the aforementioned, the rule recognizes the case of Moana Sand though it falls short of providing decisions and justifications supports the claims. In the commissioners opinion, the planned procedure of profit realization was through a further resale either to a different company or another individual and that the compulsory resumption was therefore not within the means initially foreseen. Viewing the Moana case from that perspective could support the claims provided in paragraph 57. There are major issues arising from the above regard, that foremost it could viewed that the resumption was in order to sale to another neutral person fulfilling the requirement of being within the planned means. There is no clear provisions that could provide the basis for differentiating the sale by compulsory acquisition and a similar conversion by means of an ordinary sale. The Court further observed that while the sale was subject to compulsory acquisition, it was the fulfillment of the intended companys plan of utilization of the land. In the case of Moana Sand, the intention of the customer could have been to make profit by all means possible. A clear and deep analysis of this case would lead to the provisions of paragraph 56(a). The presence of a relationship between the laid procedure of realizing the profits and whether that procedure was implemented in the realization of the same was not an issue before the court. The decision rests on a rejection of this requirement; it does not rest on a reasoned rejection. Whilst Moana Sand may provide authority for paragraph 57, there are straight forward provisions to the contrary in Westfield Ltd and Myer Emporium when it comes to matter of choice is the preferred option. This is especially so basing on the High courts holding in the matter in Hill Js judgment in Westfield Ltd that it was did not rely on the fact of the misrepresentation of the Myer principle, the observation should be treated as a precedent in relation to this aspect of the law. It is in order to declare that the means that effects the achievement of profits must have been planned an individual while he was acquiring the property. References Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth) Case law AGC Investments Ltd v. FC of T 91 ATC 4180; 21 ATR 1379 Blockey v. FC of T (1923) 31 CLR 503 Californian Copper Syndicate (Limited and Reduced) v. Harris (1904) 5 TC 159 Chamber of Manufactures Insurance Ltd v. FC of T (1984) 2 FCR 455; 84 ATC 4315; 15 ATR 599 Commercial and General Acceptance Ltd v. FC of T (1977) 137 CLR 373; 77 ATC 4375; 7 ATR 716 F C of T v. Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney (1927) 27 SR(NSW) 231 FC of T v. Cooling 90 ATC 4472; 21 ATR 13 Ducker v. Rees Roturbo Development Syndicate Ltd [1928] AC 132 Edwards v. Bairstow [1956] AC 14

What Mans Made Of Essays - Literature, Cephalophores,

" What Man's Made Of" Looking at a story like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , there are some striking differences between their values and the values we hold today. This is especially true for the roles of men and women, as best illustrated by Gawain's visit to the home of Bertilak. The men partake in daring battles and hunts to prove to their toughness and fortitude to their women. Meanwhile, the ladies flirt and are constantly judged solely on the strength of their looks and appeal to men. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , the stereotypical roles of men and women and how strongly they are enforced displays how each gender revolves around the expectations of the other, and emphasizes the pressure put on Gawain to live up to his image as a supposed ideal man. The men of Gawain's tale are primarily defined by their feats of strength and valor, and thus, must continue to prove their strength to women for the remainder of their life. Notably, this "strength" affects all areas of their life, particularly their activities in the bedroom. When Lady Bertilak begins her temptation of Sir Gawain, she tells him "'I know your name-the knight Sir Gawain, famed through all realms whichever road he rides, whose princely honor is highly praisedYou're free to have my all, do with me what you will'" (1226-28, 1237-38). Because Gawain has built up such a lofty reputation, he has also brought upon himself a certain set of expectations regarding his behavior towards women. Unbeknownst to him, he is being deceived with the lady's flattery to see if an appeal to his manhood will win him over and persuade him to sleep with her.However, Gawain "acts graciously and remains on guard" (1282), defying the expectation that a man will always fall prey to a beauti ful woman who is impressed by his physical feats. This leads to her remark, "But I know that Gawain could never be your name'" (1293) because a man like him "could never have lingered so long with a lady without craving a kiss'" (1299-1300). While her tone is one of gentle mockery, there is a hint of truth beneath those words. It is not the place for a knight of such high stature to refuse a woman's proposition, yet engaging Lady Bertilak in anything further than kissing never seems to cross Gawain's mind. In terms of the Middle English value system, this makes him an anomaly. As for the other men, they judge their masculinity through their daily hunting expeditions. When Lord Bertilak displays his killings for Gawain to see, he asks "Are you pleased with this pile? Have I won your praise? Does my skill at this sport deserve your esteem?'" (1379-80) His urgency portrays how deep the desire for praise and affirmation of strength runs within the men of Arthurian legends. Bertilak's mo tivation for making his deal with Arthur in the first place stems from a need to make a name for himself and have something to live up to. As the hunting scenes play out, the master "found his mark, knifing the boar's neck, nailing his prey, bursting the hog's heart" (1592-93). The description may seem needlessly gory, but it illustrates exactly what acts a man will attempt in order to be known as powerful and receive the same attention from women that Gawain garners. What little presence that women have in the story shows the value of beauty and a flirtatious nature above a woman's character. Should a woman in Arthurian times be lacking in either of these departments, she will automatically be seen as somewhat inferior. Gawain meets two near opposite women in his visit to Bertilak's home, and his reaction to each is telling. The first and younger of the two is the lady of the house, and is "fairest amongst them-her face, her flesh, her complexionmore glorious than Guinevere" (943-45). To this woman, Gawain responds warmly and affectionately, "holding (her) for a moment in his arms, kissing her respectfully" (973-75). This portrays how beauty was (and still, in a way, is) seen as a value to be sought after, especially considering that women were once seen as